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Sanusi Hardjadinata
Mohammad Sanusi Hardjadinata (born as Samaun; 24 June 1914 – 12 December 1995) was an Indonesian politician who served as the second chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) from 1975 until 1980. Prior to serving as party chairman, held numerous positions during the presidencies of Sukarno and Suharto, including as governor of West Java, member of the Constitutional Assembly (Indonesia), Constitutional Assembly, and cabinet minister in the Djuanda Cabinet, Djuanda and Ampera Cabinet, Ampera cabinets. Sanusi was born to a well-off Priyayi, aristocratic family in Garut, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was educated at a Dutch school, and worked as a teacher after graduating. Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence, he was appointed the vice resident of Priangan. In April 1948, he was arrested and detained by Dutch authorities for his opposition to the creation of the Dutch-backed State of Pasundan. He was released in July 1948, and he left for Yogyakar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Priyayi
''Priyayi'' (also spelled ''Priayi''; Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, former spelling: ''Prijaji'') was the Dutch East Indies, Dutch-era class of the nobles of the robe, as opposed to royal nobility or ''List of Surakarta and Yogyakarta nobility titles, ningrat'' (Javanese language, Javanese), in Java, Indonesia. ''Priyayi'' is a Javanese word originally denoting the descendants of the ''adipati'' or governors, the first of whom were appointed in the 17th century by the Sultan Agung of Mataram to administer the principalities he had conquered. Initially court officials in pre-colonial kingdoms, the ''priyayi'' moved into the colonial civil service and then on to administrators of the modern Indonesian Republic. Pre-colonial period The Mataram Sultanate, an Islamic polity in south-central Java that reached its peak in the 17th century, developed a Kraton (Indonesia), ''kraton'' ("court") culture from which the Sultan emerged as a charismatic figure who ruled over a relatively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , Betawi language, Betawi: ''Jakartè''), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (; ''DKI Jakarta'') and formerly known as Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia until 1949, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia and an autonomous region at the provincial level. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, Jakarta is the List of cities in ASEAN by population, largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. The Special Region has a status equivalent to that of a Provinces of Indonesia, province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta metropolitan area, Jakarta's metropolitan area is List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP, ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore. In 2023, the city's Gros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Of Pasundan
The State of Pasundan (, ; ) was a federated state, federal state ''(negara bagian)'' formed in the western part of the Indonesian island of Java by the Netherlands in 1948 following the Linggadjati Agreement. It was similar to the geographical area now encompassed by the current Provinces of Indonesia, provinces of West Java, Banten and Jakarta. A Pasundan Republic () was declared on 4 May 1947 but was dissolved later that year. On 26 February 1948, the State of West Java ''(Negara Jawa Barat)'' was established and, on 24 April 1948, the state was renamed Pasundan. Pasundan became a federated state, federal state of the United States of Indonesia in 1949 but was incorporated into the Republic of Indonesia (1949–1950), Republic of Indonesia (itself also a constituent of the USI) on 11 March 1950. In 2009, there was a proposal to rename the present West Java province ''Pasundan'' ("Province of the Sundanese people, Sundanese") after the historical name for West Java. Backgr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Priangan
Parahyangan () or Priangan (Sundanese script: ) is a cultural and mountainous region in West Java province on the Indonesian island of Java. Covering a little less than one-sixth of Java, it is the heartland of Sundanese people and their culture. It is bordered to the West by Banten province, to the North by the northern coast region of Subang, Cirebon, and Indramayu (former residencies of Batavia and Cheribon), to the east by Central Java province (former residencies of Banyumas and Pekalongan), and to the south by the Indian Ocean. Etymology The name "Parahyangan" has its origins in Sundanese words that mean "the abode of hyangs (gods)". Parahyangan is a mountainous region, and ancient Indonesians believed that the gods resided on the mountaintops. A Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang contains the memory of the prehistoric ancient lake in the Bandung basin highland, which suggests that the Sundanese had already inhabited the region since the Stone Age era. Another popular Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proclamation Of Indonesian Independence
The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence (, or simply ''Proklamasi'') was read at 10:00 Tokyo Standard Time on Friday 17 August 1945 in Jakarta. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. The document was signed by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day. The date of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was made a public holiday by a government decree issued on 18 June 1946. Background The beginnings of the independence movement In 1918, the Dutch authorities in the Dutch East Indies established a partly-elected People's Council, the '' Volksraad'', which for the first time gave Indonesian nationalists a voice. Meanwhile, Indonesian students studying in the Netherlands formed the Perhimpo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ampera Cabinet
The Ampera Cabinet () was the Indonesian cabinet which served under President Sukarno and later on acting president Suharto from July 1966 until October 1967. The cabinet was formed after the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) session of 1966 which commissioned Suharto to form a new cabinet. Although Sukarno would not be removed from the presidency for some months, for all intents and purposes, the person who was truly in charge of the cabinet, and Indonesia by this point, was Suharto. Cabinet leader Cabinet Presidium *Chairman/Chief Minister of Defense and Security/Commander of the Army: Lt. Gen. Suharto *Chief Minister of Political Affairs/Minister of Foreign Affairs: Adam Malik *Chief Minister of People's Welfare: Idham Chalid *Chief Minister of Economics and Finance: Hamengkubuwono IX *Chief Minister of Industry and Development: Sanusi Hardjadinata Ministers in the Field of Defense and Security *Commander of the Navy: Rear Admiral Muljadi *Commander o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Djuanda Cabinet
The Djuanda Cabinet (), also known as the Working Cabinet (), was an Indonesian cabinet that served from 9 April 1957 until 10 July 1959, when it was dissolved by a President Sukarno's 1959 Decree, decree from President Sukarno. Background On 14 March 1957, the Second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet collapsed as a result of pressure from regional rebellions, splits between the parties comprising it and attacks on the political system, which led to the resignations of members. President Sukarno had expressed his desire for a ''gotong royong'' (mutual assistance) cabinet, in which the four major parties, including the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) would work together in the national interest. However, following vociferous opposition from the other parties and the Indonesian Army, Army, Sukarno was forced to back down. On 15 March, he asked Indonesian National Party chairman Suwirjo to form a cabinet, but he failed, with the result that Sukarno himself called a meeting on 14 April of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Assembly (Indonesia)
The Constitutional Assembly () was a body elected in 1955 to draw up a permanent constitution for the Republic of Indonesia. It sat between 10 November 1956 and 2 July 1959. It was dissolved by then President Sukarno in a decree issued on 5 July 1959 which reimposed the 1945 Constitution. Background On 17 August 1945, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. The next day, a meeting of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence chaired by President Sukarno officially adopted the Constitution of Indonesia, which had been drawn up by the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence in the months leading up to the Japanese surrender. In a speech, Sukarno stated that the constitution was "a temporary constitution... a lightning constitution", and that a more permanent version would be drawn up when circumstances permitted. It was not until 1949 that the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty to Indonesia, and the United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suharto
Suharto (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Officer (armed forces), military officer and politician, and dictator, who was the second and longest serving president of Indonesia, serving from 1967 to 1998. His 32 years rule, characterised as authoritarian and kleptocratic, was marked by widespread corruption, political repression, and human rights abuses. Suharto's regime Fall of Suharto, ultimately collapsed in 1998 amid May 1998 riots of Indonesia, mass protests, violent unrest, and the fallout of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, leading to his resignation. Suharto was born in Kemusuk, near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch East Indies, Dutch colonial era. He grew up in humble circumstances. His Javanese people, Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he lived with foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese occupation, Suharto served in the Japanese-organized Indones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sukarno
Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch East Indies, Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesian National Party, Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the Dutch East Indies campaign, invading Empire of Japan, Japanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists Collaboration with Imperial Japan#Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Surrender of Japan, Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appoin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomat
A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations. The main functions of diplomats are representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements, treaties and conventions; and promotion of information, trade and commerce, technology, and friendly relations. Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organizations (for example, the United Nations, the world's largest diplomatic forum) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and Negotiation, negotiating skills. Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world. The sending state is required to get the consent of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politician
A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether Local government, local, national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs, the political parties they belong to, or public opinion. Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include political corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize the public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with the development of social media and confronting biase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
