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Religious Question
The Religious Issue () was a crisis that took place in the Empire of Brazil in the 1870s, which, having started on 3 March 1872 as a confrontation between the Catholic Church and Freemasonry, ended up becoming a serious state issue. Its causes can be traced back a long time, based on irreconcilable divergences between ultramontanism, liberalism and the regime, and on complex aspects of Culture of Brazil, Brazilian culture. It led to the imprisonment of two bishops and contributed to the fall of the cabinet of Prime Minister of Brazil, Prime Minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, José Paranhos, the Viscount of Rio Branco. The issue evolved centered on the actions of bishops Vital Maria Gonçalves de Oliveira, Dom Vital and Antônio de Macedo Costa, Dom Macedo Costa, ardent defenders of ultramontane Catholicism. Based on papal ordinances not approved by the Brazilian Empire, they interdicted brotherhoods under their jurisdiction for keeping Freemason members in their cir ...
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Holy See
The Holy See (, ; ), also called the See of Rome, the Petrine See or the Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City. It encompasses the office of the pope as the Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishop of the apostolic see, apostolic episcopal see of Diocese of Rome, Rome, and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and Vatican City. Under international law, the Legal status of the Holy See, Holy See holds the status of a sovereign juridical entity. According to Sacred tradition, Catholic tradition and historical records, the Holy See was founded in the first century by Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul. By virtue of the doctrines of Primacy of Peter, Petrine and papal primacy, papal primacy, it is the focal point of full communion for Catholics around the world. The Holy See is headquartered in, operates from, and exercises "exclusive dominion" over Vatican City, an independent c ...
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Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais () is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 Brazilian census, 2022 census. Located in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of the country, it is bordered to south and southwest by São Paulo (state), São Paulo; Mato Grosso do Sul to the west; Goiás and the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District to the northwest; Bahia to the north and northeast; Espírito Santo to the east; and Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro to the southeast. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Brazil, being the List of largest cities in Brazil#Top 115 most populous cities and state capitals, sixth most populous municipality in the country while its Greater Belo Horizonte, metropolitan area ranks as the List of metropolitan areas in Brazil, third largest in Brazil with just ov ...
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Antônio Ferreira Viçoso
Antônio José Ferreira Viçoso (13 May 1787 – 7 July 1875) was a Portuguese Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Mariana from 1843 until his death; he was also a professed member from the Congregation of the Mission. He relocated to Brazil prior to his episcopal appointment where he worked to establish the ecclesial institutions on a solid basis and opposed government efforts to control the ecclesial workings that he believed were under the domain of the episcopal superiors while he also was attentive to the needs of the poor in his diocese. In the face of strong opposition he ordained the first black slave ever to become a priest who was Blessed Francisco de Paula Victor. His patron was Pedro II who titled him the "Count of Conceição" and made him an Imperial Counselor. Pedro II held the bishop in high esteem enough to the point that the two were collaborators and that Pedro II had granted him the Imperial Order of Christ and gave him the rank of officer o ...
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First Vatican Council
The First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the First Vatican Council or Vatican I, was the 20th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the preceding Council of Trent which was adjourned in 1563. The council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, under the rising threat of the Kingdom of Italy encroaching on the Papal States. It opened on 8 December 1869 and was adjourned on 20 September 1870 after the Italian Capture of Rome. Its best-known decision is its definition of papal infallibility. The council's main purpose was to clarify Catholic theology, Catholic doctrine in response to the rising influence of the modern philosophical trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (), the council condemned what it considered the errors of rationalism, anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, materialism, Modernism in the Catholic Church, modernism, Naturalism (philosophy), naturalism, pant ...
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Papal Infallibility
Papal infallibility is a Dogma in the Catholic Church, dogma of the Catholic Church which states that, in virtue of the promise of Jesus to Saint Peter, Peter, the Pope when he speaks is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "initially given to the Apostolic Age, apostolic Church and handed down in Catholic Bible, Scripture and Sacred Tradition, tradition". It does not mean that the pope cannot Christian views on sin, sin or otherwise err in some capacity, though he is prevented by the assistance of the Holy Spirit from issuing heretical teaching even in his non-infallible Magisterium, as a corollary of indefectibility. This doctrine, defined dogmatically at the First Vatican Council of 1869–1870 in the document , is claimed to have existed in medieval theology and to have been the majority opinion at the time of the Counter-Reformation. The doctrine of infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma, that of papal supremacy, whereby the autho ...
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Syllabus Of Errors
The Syllabus of Errors is the name given to an index document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864 at the same time as his encyclical letter . It collected a total of 80 propositions that the Pope considered to be current errors or heresies, pairing the briefest headings with references to the various documents where the actual teachings are found. The documents referenced by the ''Syllabus'' were intended to be a rebuttal of liberalism, modernism, moral relativism, secularization, and the political emancipation of Europe from the tradition of Catholic monarchies but some relate to specific nations. Summary A cover letter by Cardinal Antonelli notes that Pope Pius IX had ordered the creation of the list, in case some Bishops had not read all his recent allocutions, speeches or encyclicals. The ''Syllabus'' is made up of phrases and paraphrases from earlier papal documents, along with index references to them, presenting a list of " condemned pr ...
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Quanta Cura
(Latin for "With how great care") was a papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864. In it, he decried what he considered significant errors afflicting the modern age. These he listed in an attachment called the Syllabus of Errors, which condemned secularism and religious indifferentism. Context In August 1863, Count Charles Montalembert, a proponent of Liberal Catholicism gave a series of speeches in Mechelen, Belgium, in which he presented his view of the future of modern society and the Church. His first speech aimed to show the necessity of Christianizing the democracy by accepting modern liberties. His second speech dealt with liberty of conscience, and the conclusion he drew was that the Church could be in perfect harmony with religious liberty and with the modern state founded on that liberty, and that everyone is free to hold that the modern state is to be preferred to those which preceded it, such as Ancien Régime France. He received support from ...
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Pope Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI (; ; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in June 1846. He had adopted the name Mauro upon entering the Religious order (Catholic), religious order of the Camaldolese. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name "Pope Gregory (other), Gregory", the last to govern the Papal States for the whole duration of his pontificate, and the most recent not to have been a bishop when elected. Reactionary in tendency, Gregory XVI opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for liberalism and laicism. Against these trends, he sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy, a position known as ultramontanism. In the encyclical ''Mirari vos'', he pronounced it "false and absurd, or rather mad, that we must secure and guarantee to each one lib ...
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Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX (; born Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro Mastai-Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878. His reign of nearly 32 years is the longest verified of any pope in history; if including unverified reigns, his reign was second to that of Peter the Apostle. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican Council in 1868 and for permanently losing control of the Papal States in 1870 to the Kingdom of Italy. Thereafter, he refused to leave Vatican City, declaring himself a "prisoner in the Vatican". At the time of his election, he was a liberal reformer, but his approach changed after the Revolutions of 1848. Upon the assassination of his prime minister, Pellegrino Rossi, Pius fled Rome and excommunicated all participants in the short-lived Roman Republic (1849–1850), Roman Republic. After its suppression by the French army and his return in 1850, his policies and doctrinal pronouncements became increasingl ...
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Regency Period (Empire Of Brazil)
The Regency era of British history is commonly understood as the years between and 1837, although the official regency for which it is named only spanned the years 1811 to 1820. King George III first suffered debilitating illness in the late 1780s, and relapsed into his final mental illness in 1810. By the Regency Act 1811, his eldest son George, Prince of Wales, was appointed Prince Regent to discharge royal functions. When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV. In terms of periodisation, the longer timespan is roughly the final third of the Georgian era (1714–1837), encompassing the last 25 years or so of George III's reign, including the official Regency, and the complete reigns of both George IV and his brother and successor William IV. It ends with the accession of Queen Victoria in June 1837 and is followed by the Victorian era (1837–1901). Although the Regency era is remembered as a time of refinement and culture, that was th ...
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