|
Reforms Of Russian Orthography
Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language. Several important reforms happened in the 18th–20th centuries. Early changes Old East Slavic adopted the Cyrillic script, approximately during the 10th century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. No distinction was drawn between the vernacular language and the liturgical, though the latter was based on South Slavic languages, South Slavic rather than East Slavic languages, Eastern Slavic norms. As the language evolved, several letters, notably the ''yuses'' (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѧ, Ѩ) were gradually and unsystematically discarded from both secular and church usage over the next centuries. The emergence of the centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, the consequent rise of the state bureaucracy along with the development of the com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Orthography
Russian orthography () is an orthography, orthographic tradition formally considered to encompass spelling ( rus, орфогра́фия, r=orfografiya, p=ɐrfɐˈɡrafʲɪjə) and punctuation ( rus, пунктуа́ция, r=punktuatsiya, p=pʊnktʊˈat͡sɨjə). Russian spelling, which is mostly phonemic in practice, is a mix of ''morphological'' and ''phonetic'' principles, with a few ''etymological'' or ''historic'' forms, and occasional ''grammatical'' differentiation. The punctuation, originally based on Medieval Greek, Byzantine Greek, was in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reformulated on the models of French orthography, French and German orthography, German orthography. The Help:IPA/Russian, IPA transcription attempts to reflect Vowel reduction in Russian, vowel reduction when not under stress (linguistics), stress. The sounds that are presented are those of the standard language; other dialects may have noticeably different pronunciations for the vowels. Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasily Trediakovsky
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (; – ) was a Russian poet, essayist and playwright who helped lay the foundations of classical Russian literature. Biography The son of a poor priest, Trediakovsky became the first Russian commoner to receive a humanistic education abroad, at the Sorbonne in Paris (1727–1730) where he studied philosophy, linguistics and mathematics. Soon after his return to Russia, he became acting secretary of the Academy of Sciences and ''de facto'' court poet. In 1735, Trediakovsky published ''A New and Brief Way for Composing of Russian Verses'' (), a highly theoretical work for which he is best remembered. It discussed for the first time in Russian literature such poetic genres as the sonnet, the rondeau, the madrigal, and the ode. In 1740, Trediakovsky received a physical beating at the hands of the imperial minister Artemy Volynsky. Volynsky was arrested on charges of conspiracy and misconduct, but Trediakovsky became, "a subject of consta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakov Grot
Yakov Karlovich Grot (; – ) was a Russian philologist of German extraction who worked at the University of Helsinki. Grot was a graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In his lifetime, he gained fame for his translations of German and Scandinavian poetry, his work on the theory of Russian orthography, lexicography, and grammar, and his approach to literary editing and criticism, exemplified in a full edition of the works of Derzhavin (1864–1883). His ''Russian Orthography'' (1878, 1885) (, ''Russkoye pravopisaniye'') became the standard textbook of Russian spelling and punctuation until superseded by the decrees of 1917–1918, although his definition of the theoretical foundations remains little changed to this day. Shortly before his death, he assumed the compilation of the ''Academic Dictionary of Russian'' (1891–1923), which, although continued by Aleksey Shakhmatov, was never to be completed. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JIUKEN Typewriter
JCUKEN (''ЙЦУКЕН'', also known as ''YCUKEN'', ''YTsUKEN'' and ''JTSUKEN'') is the main Cyrillic keyboard layout for the Russian language in computers and typewriters. Earlier in Russia, the #JIUKEN, ''JIUKEN'' (''ЙІУКЕН'') layout was the main layout, but it was replaced by ''JCUKEN'' in 1953. Alternative layouts include the Russian Phonetic keyboard layout#Phonetic layouts for Russian, phonetic keyboard layouts, in which Cyrillic letters correspond to similar-sounding Latin-script alphabet, Latin letters in QWERTY and other layouts. JCUKEN for Russian MICROSOFT layout APPLE layout Typewriters and UNIX layout Used on typewriters before personal computers. In Unix-like operating systems this layout is standard (Keyboard GOST 6431-90). It is available in Microsoft Windows as a legacy layout. JIUKEN, the predecessor The ''JIUKEN'' layout was used before the Reforms of Russian orthography#Post-revolution reform, Russian spelling reform of 1917. It inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrism
Chrism, also called ''myrrh'', ''myron'', ''holy anointing oil'', and consecrated oil, is a consecrated oil used in the Catholic Church, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Assyrian, Nordic High Church Lutheranism, Lutheran, Anglican, and Old Catholic Church, Old Catholic churches in the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions. Name The English ''chrism'' derives from Koine Greek via Latin and Old French. In Greek, ''khrîsma'' () was originally the verbal noun ("(the act of) anointing", "unction") of ("anointing, anoint").''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "chrism, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1889. By extension, along with ''khrîma'' (), ''khrîstai'' (), and later ''khrísma'' (), it came to be used for the anointing oil or ointment itself. ''Khrísma'' came into Latin as ', which appears in the works of Tertullian. This was adopted di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiceless Dental Fricative
The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to most English speakers as the 'th' in ''think''. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the lowercase Greek alphabet, Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek language, Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta". The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental consonant, interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants. This sound and its Voiced dental fricative, voiced counterpart are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theta
Theta (, ) uppercase Θ or ; lowercase θ or ; ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth 𐤈. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. Greek In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . Forms In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle ( or ). The cursive form was retained by Unicode as , separate from . (There is also .) For the purpose of writing Greek text, the two can be font variants of a single character, but are also used as distinct symbols in technical and mathematical contexts. Extensive lists of examples follow below at Mathematics and Science. is also common in biblical and theological usage e.g. instead of πρόθεσις (means placing in public or laying out a corpse). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fita
Fita (Ѳ ѳ; italics: ''Ѳ ѳ'') is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. The shape and the name of the letter are derived from the Θ, Greek letter theta (Θ θ). In the ISO 9 system, Ѳ is romanized using F grave accent (F̀ f̀). In the Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic numeral system, Fita has a numerical value of 9. Shape In traditional (Church Slavonic) typefaces, the central line is typically about twice the width of the letter's body and has serifs similar to those on the letter Te (Cyrillic), Т: . Sometimes the line is drawn as low as the baseline, which makes the letter difficult to distinguish from De (Cyrillic), Д. Usage Old Russian and Church Slavonic The traditional Russian name of the letter is ''fitá'' (or, in pre-1918 spelling, ѳита́). Fita was mainly used to write proper names and loanwords derived from or via Greek. Russians pronounced these names with the sound instead of (like the pronunciation of in "thin"), for example "Theodor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upsilon
Upsilon (, ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ''ýpsilon'' ) or ypsilon is the twentieth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the phoenician alphabet, Phoenician Waw (letter), waw . Etymology The name of the letter was originally just (, also called , hence ''hyoid bone, hyoid'', meaning 'shaped like the letter '), but the name changed to (= , 'u-plain' or 'u-simple') to distinguish it from , which had come to have the same pronunciation. Pronunciation In early Attic Greek (6th century BCE), it was pronounced (a close back rounded vowel like the English "long o͞o"). In Ancient Greek language, Classical Greek, it was pronounced (a close front rounded vowel), at least until 1030. In Modern Greek, it is pronounced ; in the digraph (orthography), digraphs and , as or ; and in the digraph as . In ancient Greek, it occurred in both Ancient Greek phonology#Vowels, long and short versions, but Modern Greek does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Izhitsa
Izhitsa (Ѵ, ѵ; italics: ; OCS: ѷжица, Russian: ижица, Ukrainian: іжиця) is a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet and several later alphabets, usually the last in the row. It originates from the Greek letter upsilon (Y, υ) and was used in words and names derived from or via the Greek language, such as кѵрилъ (''kürilǔ'', "Cyril", from Greek ) or флаѵии (''flavii'', "Flavius", from Greek ). It represented the sounds or as normal letters и and в, respectively. The Glagolitic alphabet has a corresponding letter with the name ''izhitsa'' as well (Ⱛ, ⱛ). Also, izhitsa in its standard form or, most often, in a tailed variant (similar to Latin "y") was part of a digraph оѵ/оу representing the sound . The digraph is known as Cyrillic " uk", and today's Cyrillic letter u originates from its simplified form. The letter's traditional name, ''izhitsa'' (ижица), is explained as a diminutive either of the word иго (''igo'', "yoke"), du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yo (Cyrillic)
Yo, Jo, or, Io (Ё ё; italics: ''Ё'' ''ё''; ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In Unicode, the letter is named CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER IO. In English, the letter Yo is romanized using the Latin ''ë'' (according to the ALA–LC and British Standards), ''ë'' (''yë'' word-initially) (BGN/PCGN romanization, BGN/PCGN) or ''yo/jo'' (orthographic transcription) for Russian, and as ''i͡o'' (ALA–LC), ''yo'' (BGN/PCGN), or ''ë'' (BSI) for Belarusian. In international systems, Yo is romanized as ''ë'' (ISO 9). It was derived from the Cyrillic letter Ye (Cyrillic), Ye (Е е). Pronunciation : ''This section describes the pronunciation in Russian language, Russian and Belarusian language, Belarusian. Other languages may have subtle differences.'' The letter occurs in a Stress (linguistics), stressed syllable in the overwhelming majority of Russian and Belarusian words. In Russian, unstressed occurs only in compound numerals and a few derived terms, whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
