theta

Theta (, ) uppercase Θ or ; lowercase θ or ; ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth 𐤈. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9.

Greek

In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative .

Forms

In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle ( or ).

The cursive form was retained by Unicode as , separate from . (There is also .) For the purpose of writing Greek text, the two can be font variants of a single character, but are also used as distinct symbols in technical and mathematical contexts. Extensive lists of examples follow below at Mathematics and Science. is also common in biblical and theological usage e.g. instead of πρόθεσις (means placing in public or laying out a corpse).

Latin

In the Latin script used for the Gaulish language, theta inspired the '' tau gallicum'' (Ꟈ ꟈ). The phonetic value of the ''tau gallicum'' is thought to have been . In addition, multiple modern languages written in Latin script use Latin theta.

Cyrillic

The early Cyrillic letter ''fita'' (Ѳ, ѳ) developed from θ. This letter existed in the Russian alphabet until the 1918 Russian orthography reform.

International Phonetic Alphabet

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), represents the voiceless dental fricative, as in ''thick'' or ''thin''. It does not represent the consonant in ''the'', which is the voiced dental fricative counterpart, represented in the IPA by (cf. Eth). A similar-looking lower-case symbol, , which is called ''barred o'', is the IPA symbol for the close-mid central rounded vowel.

Mathematics and science

Lower case

The lowercase letter θ is used as a symbol for:
*A plane angle in geometry
*Angle (bold) and angular separation in physics
*An unknown angular variable in trigonometry
*A special function of several complex variables θ.
*The first Chebyshev function in prime number theory
*The potential temperature in meteorology
*Dimensionless temperature in heat transport phenomena
*The score of a test taker in item response theory
*Theta Type Replication: a type of bacterial DNA replication specific to circular chromosomes
*Threshold value of an artificial neuron
*A Bayer designation letter applied to a star in a constellation; usually the eighth star so labelled but not necessarily the eighth-brightest as viewed from Earth
*The statistical parameter frequently used in writing the likelihood function
*The Watterson estimator for the population mutation rate in population genetics
*Indicates a minimum optimum integration level determined by the intersection of GG and LL schedules (The GG-LL schedules are tools used in analyzing the potential benefits of a country pegging their domestic currency to a foreign currency.)
*The reserve ratio of banks in economic models
*The ordinal collapsing function developed by Solomon Feferman
*The Heaviside step function
*In pharmacology, the fraction of ligand bound to a macromolecule based on the Hill Equation
*The angle of the incident beam during X-ray diffraction

Upper case

The uppercase letter Θ is used as a symbol for:
* Theta functions
*Dimension of temperature, by SI standard (in italics)
*An asymptotically tight bound in the analysis of algorithms ( big O notation)
*A certain ordinal number in set theory
* Pentaquarks, exotic baryons in particle physics
*A brain signal frequency (beta, alpha, theta, delta) ranging from 4–8 Hz
*One of the variables known as "Greeks" in finance, representing time decay of options or the change in the intrinsic value of an option divided by the number of days until the option expires

Symbolism

In ancient times, Tau was used as a symbol for life or resurrection, whereas the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet (ninth in the archaic form anciently used for numeration), theta, was considered the symbol of death. A quotation attributed to the ancient Roman author Ennius (though possibly spuriously) said of it: "oh, theta, a letter much unluckier than the others".

According to Porphyry of Tyros, the Egyptians used an X within a circle as a symbol of the soul; having a value of nine, it was used as a symbol for Ennead. Johannes Lydus says that the Egyptians used a symbol for Kosmos in the form of theta, with a fiery circle representing the world, and a snake spanning the middle representing '' Agathos Daimon'' (literally: ''good spirit'')..

Abbreviation

In classical Athens, it was used as an abbreviation for the Greek θάνατος (''Thanatos'', "death") and as it vaguely resembles a human skull, theta was used as a warning symbol of death, in the same way that skull and crossbones are used in modern times. It survives on potsherds used by Athenians when voting for the death penalty. Petrus de Dacia in a document from 1291 relates the idea that theta was used to brand criminals as empty ciphers, and the branding rod was affixed to the crossbar spanning the circle.. For this reason, the use of the number 9 was sometimes avoided where the connotation was felt to be unlucky—the mint marks of some Late Imperial Roman coins famously have the sum ΔΕ or ΕΔ (delta and epsilon, that is 4 and 5) substituted as a euphemism where a Θ (9) would otherwise be expected.

Unicode

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See also

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Notes and references

Notes

References

{{Reflist

Greek letters
Phonetic transcription symbols