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Razó
A ''razo'' (, literally "cause", "reason") was a short piece of Occitan prose detailing the circumstances of a troubadour composition. A ''razo'' normally introduced an individual poem, acting as a prose preface and explanation; it might, however, share some of the characteristics of a '' vida'' (a biography of a troubadour, describing his origins, his loves, and his works) and the boundary between the two genres was never sharp. In the ''chansonniers'', the manuscript collections of medieval troubadour poetry, some poems are accompanied by a prose explanation whose purpose is to give the reason why the poem was composed. These texts are occasionally based on independent sources. To that extent, they supplement the ''vidas'' in the same manuscripts and are useful to modern literary and historical researchers. Often, however, it is clear that assertions in the ''razos'' are simply deduced from literal readings of details in the poems. Most of the surviving ''razo'' corpus is the wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linquo Coax Ranis
''Linquo coax ranis'' are the first words of a two-line poem in internally rhymed hexameters by Serlo of Wilton. The complete text is: :''Linquo coax ranis, cras corvis, vanaque vanis;'' :''Ad logicam pergo que mortis non timet ergo.'' :I leave croaking to frogs, crowing to crows, and vanity to the vain; :I now go to the logic that does not fear the ''conclusion'' of death. Attached to the poem is a story (which may be compared with the razós attached to certain Occitan poems of the 12th and 13th centuries). The earliest known version of the story, in Latin, forms part of a manuscript collection, ''Liber narrationum de diversis visionibus et miraculis'', which itself is part of MS. Troyes 946 from the Abbey of Clairvaux collection. This version was written at some date after 1173, when Serlo became abbot of L'Aumône Abbey, and before 1181, the year of his death. According to the story, one of Serlo's disciples, who had died young, appeared to him in a vision. He was wearin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Occitan
Old Occitan (, ), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the 8th to the 14th centuries. Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan. As the term ' appeared around the year 1300, Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (Occitan: ') or "Provençal" (Occitan: ') in medieval texts. History Among the earliest records of Occitan are the '' Tomida femina'', the '' Boecis'' and the '' Cançó de Santa Fe''. Old Occitan, the language used by the troubadours, was the first Romance language with a literary corpus and had an enormous influence on the development of lyric poetry in other European languages. The interpunct was a feature of its orthography and survives today in Catalan and Gascon. The official language of the sovereign principality of the Viscounty of Béarn was the local vernacular Bearnès dialect of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prose
Prose is language that follows the natural flow or rhythm of speech, ordinary grammatical structures, or, in writing, typical conventions and formatting. Thus, prose ranges from informal speaking to formal academic writing. Prose differs most notably from poetry, which follows some type of intentional, contrived, artistic structure. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language; in English poetry, language is often organized by a rhythmic metre and a rhyme scheme. The ordinary language of a region or community and many other forms and styles of language fall under prose, a label that can describe both speech and writing. In writing, prose is visually formatted differently than poetry. Poetry is traditionally written in verse: a series of lines on a page, parallel to the way that a person would highlight the structure orally if saying the poem aloud; for example, poetry may end with a rhyme at the end of each line, making the entire work more melodious or memorable. Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, '' trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his '' De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) and since died out. The texts of troubado ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vida (Occitan Literary Form)
''Vida'' () is the usual term for a brief prose biography, written in Old Occitan, of a troubadour or trobairitz. The word ''vida'' means "life" in Occitano-Romance languages, Occitan languages; they are short prose biographies of the troubadours, and they are found in some chansonniers, along with the works of the author they describe. Vidas are notoriously unreliable: Mouzat, while complaining that some scholars still believe them, says they represent the authors as "ridiculous bohemians, and picaresque heroes"; Alfred Jeanroy calls them "the ancestors of modern novels". Most often, they are not based on independent sources, and their information is deduced from literal readings of the poems details. Most of the ''vidas'' were composed in Italy, many by Uc de Saint Circ. Additionally, some individual poems are accompanied by ''razos'', explanations of the circumstances in which the poem was composed. Troubadours with ''vidas'' Sources There is a complete collection of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chansonnier
A chansonnier (, , Galician and , or ''canzoniéro'', ) is a manuscript or printed book which contains a collection of chansons, or polyphonic and monophonic settings of songs, hence literally " song-books"; however, some manuscripts are called chansonniers even though they preserve the text but not the music, for example, the Cancioneiro da Vaticana and Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, which contain the bulk of Galician-Portuguese lyrics. The most important chansonniers contain lyrics, poems and songs of the troubadours and trouvères used in the medieval music. Prior to 1420, many song-books contained both sacred and secular music, one exception being those containing the work of Guillaume de Machaut. Around 1420, sacred and secular music was segregated into separate sources, with large choirbooks containing sacred music, and smaller chansonniers for more private use by the privileged. Chansonniers were compiled primarily in France, but also in Italy, Germany and in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uc De Saint Circ
Uc de Saint Circ (San Sir) or Hugues (Hugh) de Saint Circq (fl. 1217–1253Aubrey, ''The Music of the Troubadours'', 22–23.) was a troubadour from Quercy. Uc is perhaps most significant to modern historians as the probable author of several '' vidas'' and ''razos'' of other troubadours, though only one of Bernart de Ventadorn exists under his name.Gaunt and Kay, 290. Forty-four of his songs, including fifteen ''cansos'' and only three ''canso'' melodies, have survived, along with a didactic manual entitled ''Ensenhamen d'onor''.Egan, 111. According to William E. Burgwinkle, as "poet, biographer, literary historian, and mythographer, Uc must be accorded his rightful place as the 'inventor' (trobador) of 'troubadour poetry' and the ideological trappings with which it came to be associated." Uc is probably to be identified with the Uc Faidit (meaning "exiled" or "dispossessed") who authored the ''Donatz proensals'', one of the earliest Occitan grammars. This identity fits w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bergamo
Bergamo ( , ; ) is a city in the Alps, alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from the alpine lakes Lake Como, Como and Lake Iseo, Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Lake Garda, Garda and Lake Maggiore, Maggiore. The Bergamo Alps () begin immediately north of the city. With a population of 120,580 as of 2025, Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy. Bergamo is the seat of the province of Bergamo, which counts more than 1,115,037 residents as of 2025. The metropolitan area of Bergamo extends beyond the administrative city limits, spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly fewer than 500,000 inhabitants. The Bergamo metropolitan area is itself part of the broader Milan metropolitan area, home to more than 8 million people. The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core, known as ('Upper Town'), nestled within a Parco dei Colli di Bergamo, system of hills, and the modern expansion in the plains below. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partimen
The ''partimen'' (; ; also known as ''partia'' or ''joc partit'') is a cognate form of the French jeu-parti (plural ''jeux-partis''). It is a genre of Occitan lyric poetry composed between two troubadours, a subgenre of the ''tenso'' or ''cobla'' exchange in which one poet presents a dilemma A dilemma () is a problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The possibilities are termed the ''horns'' of the dilemma, a clichéd usage, but distinguishing the dilemma from other kinds of p ... in the form of a question and the two debate the answer, each taking up a different side. Of the nearly 200 surviving Occitan debate songs, 120 are ''partimens'' and 75 are open ''tensos''. The ''partimen'' was especially popular in poetic contests. See also Torneyamen. References Further reading * Alfred Jeanroy, ''Les origines de la poésie lyrique en France au Moyen-Age'' (Paris, 1899, 3/1925) *Alfred Jeanroy: ''La poésie lyrique des tro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girard Cavalaz
Girardo Cavallazzi or Cavallazzo ( or ; fl. 1225–1247) was an Italian troubadour from Lombardy. His only surviving work is four coblas of a ''partimen'' he exchanged with Aycart del Fossat concerning the nature of Heaven and Hell: ''Si paradis et enfernz son aital''. Girard's identity was unknown for many years because only his Occitan Christian name (a common one) was given in the London manuscript ( Br. Mus. Harley 3041) from which his work was known. However, the discovery of documents in the Biblioteca Civica in Bergamo showed Girard to have been a "Cavalaz", probably a member of the Cavallazzi family of Novara. Indeed, a Girardo Cavallazzi is recorded in Novarese documents beginning in 1225. He was '' console del comune'' in 1227 and 1230 and '' console di giustizia'' in 1247. According to the '' Annales Placentini Gibellini'', his family was Ghibelline in sympathy. The Bergamasque manuscript contains a Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aycart Del Fossat
Aycart (or Aicart) del Fossat (fl. 1250–68) was a troubadour from Le Fossat in Ariège. To him are attributed one ''sirventes'' and a ''partimen'' with Girard Cavalaz. The ''sirventes'' is about the victory of Charles of Anjou over Conradin at the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268). The ''partimen'', "Si paradis et enfernz son aital", is a dilemma on the nature of Heaven and Hell (c. 1250). The debaters are known only as ''Aicart'' and ''Girart'', but they have long been identified with Aycart and Girard. The ''partimen'' is preserved in a manuscript from Bergamo, where it has a Latin ''razo A ''razo'' (, literally "cause", "reason") was a short piece of Old Occitan, Occitan prose detailing the circumstances of a troubadour composition. A ''razo'' normally introduced an individual poem, acting as a prose preface and explanation; it mi ...''. Further reading *Bastard, Antoine de. "Aicart del Fossat et les événements politiques en Italie (1268)." ''Mélanges de philologie romane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Language
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, Latin influence in English, including English, having contributed List of Latin words with English derivatives, many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England, Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin Root (linguistics), roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names, the sciences, List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes, medicine, and List of Latin legal terms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
