|
Pseudotopeliopsis
''Pseudotopeliopsis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 2012 by the lichenologists Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, H. Thorsten Lumbsch. They assigned ''Pseudotopeliopsis laceratula'' as the type species; this lichen was originally named as a member of genus ''Thelotrema'' by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1887. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek word ''pseudo'', meaning "false", combined with the name ''Topeliopsis'', alluding to its resemblance to that genus. Description The thallus of ''Pseudotopeliopsis'' typically has dense outer layer, or . The apothecia (fruiting bodies) emerge from the thallus and are rounded to irregularly shaped. These apothecia feature a that resembles a small pore and is covered by concentrically layered, fissured, and lobulated margins. The surrounding tissue of the apothecia, kn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudotopeliopsis Longispora
''Pseudotopeliopsis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has two species. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by the lichenologists Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. They assigned ''Pseudotopeliopsis laceratula'' as the type species; this lichen was originally named as a member of genus ''Thelotrema'' by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1887. The genus name is derived from the Greek word ''pseudo'', meaning "false", combined with the name ''Topeliopsis'', alluding to its resemblance to that genus. Description The thallus of ''Pseudotopeliopsis'' typically has dense outer layer, or . The apothecia (fruiting bodies) emerge from the thallus and are rounded to irregularly shaped. These apothecia feature a that resembles a small pore and is covered by concentrically layered, fissured, and lobulated margins. The surrounding tissue of the apothecia, known as the , varies from colourless to brown. The spores of ''Pse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichens in the order Ostropales. Distribution and ecology The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants). Genera A recent (2020) estimates places 31 genera and about 990 species in Graphidaceae. The following list indicates the genus name, the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: *''Acanthothecis'' – 5 spp. *''Acanthotrema'' – 1 sp. *''Aggregatorygma'' – 1 sp. *''Allographa'' – 183 spp. *''Amazonotrema'' – 1 sp. *'' Ampliotrema'' – 1 sp. *'' Anomalographis'' – 2 spp. *''Anomomorpha'' – 8 spp. *''Astrochapsa'' – 29 spp. *'' Austrotrema'' – 3 spp. *'' Borinquenotrema'' – 1 sp. *'' Byssotrema'' – 1 sp. *''Carbacanthographis'' – 22 spp. *''Chapsa'' – 51 spp. *''Chroodiscus'' – 17 spp. *'' Clandestinotrema'' – 17 spp. *'' Compositrema'' – 4 spp. *'' Corticorygma'' – 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitidochapsa Aggregata
''Nitidochapsa'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has five species of corticolous lichen, corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 2013 by the lichenologists Sittiporn Parnmen, Robert Lücking, and Helge Thorsten Lumbsch, H. Thorsten Lumbsch. The type species is ''Nitidochapsa leprieurii, N. leprieurii'', originally described in 1855 from specimens collected in French Guiana, as a member of ''Sticta''. Description The thallus of ''Nitidochapsa'' is continuous and can have a smooth to uneven surface, characterised by an olive-brown colour. When observed in a cross-section, the thallus of ''Nitidochapsa'' has a dense upper cortex (botany), cortex composed of tightly packed cells () and an irregular that partially lies beneath the bark's outer layer (endoperidermal). This genus typically lacks or rarely forms clusters of calcium oxalate, a common crystalline compound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a violet gas at . The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek 'violet-coloured'. Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I−), iodate (), and the various periodate anions. It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities. The dominant producers of iodine today are Chile and Japan. Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs. The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichen Product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 800 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compound are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing. Lichen products accumulate on the outer walls of the fungal hyphae, and are quite stable. Crystal deposits can be visualised using scanning electron microscopy. For this reason, even very old herbarium specimens can be analysed. The amount of lichen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spot Test (lichen)
A spot test in lichenology is a spot analysis used to help identify lichens. It is performed by placing a drop of a chemical on different parts of the lichen and noting the colour change (or lack thereof) associated with application of the chemical. The tests are routinely encountered in dichotomous keys for lichen species, and they take advantage of the wide array of lichen products produced by lichens and their uniqueness among taxa. As such, spot tests reveal the presence or absence of chemicals in various parts of a lichen. They were first proposed by the botanist William Nylander in 1866. Three common spot tests use either 10% aqueous KOH solution (K test), saturated aqueous solution of bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite (C test), or 5% alcoholic ''p''-phenylenediamine solution (P test). The colour changes occur due to presence of particular secondary metabolites in the lichen. There are several other less frequently used spot tests of more limited use that are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chapsa
''Chapsa'' is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was described by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860. Species *'' Chapsa albida'' *'' Chapsa alborosella'' *'' Chapsa alletii'' *'' Chapsa angustispora'' *'' Chapsa boninensis'' *'' Chapsa chionostoma'' *'' Chapsa cinchonarum'' *'' Chapsa diploschistoides'' *'' Chapsa discoides'' *'' Chapsa dissuta'' *'' Chapsa eitenii'' *'' Chapsa elabens'' *'' Chapsa farinosa'' *''Chapsa francisci'' *'' Chapsa granulifera'' *'' Chapsa halei'' *''Chapsa hiata'' *''Chapsa hypoconstictica'' *''Chapsa imperfecta'' *''Chapsa indica'' *''Chapsa inspersa'' – Brazil *''Chapsa isidiata'' *''Chapsa laemensis'' *''Chapsa leprocarpa'' *''Chapsa meghalayensis'' *''Chapsa microspora'' *''Chapsa multicarpa'' *''Chapsa neei'' *'' Chapsa niveocarpa'' *'' Chapsa nubila'' *'' Chapsa pallidella'' *'' Chapsa paralbida'' *'' Chapsa patens'' *'' Chapsa perdissuta'' *'' Chapsa pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Lücking
Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist. He is a leading expert on foliicolous lichens–lichens that live on leaves. Life and career Born in Ulm in 1964, Lücking earned both his master's (1990) and PhD degree (1994) at the University of Ulm. Both degrees concerned the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of foliicolous lichens. His graduate supervisor was mycologist and bryologist Sieghard Winkler, who had previously studied epiphyllous (upper leaf-dwelling) fungi in El Salvador and Colombia. In 1996 Lücking was awarded the Mason E. Hale award for an "outstanding doctoral thesis presented by a candidate on a lichenological theme". His thesis was titled ''Foliikole Flechten und ihre Mikrohabitatpraferenzen in einem tropischen Regenwald in Costa Rica'' ("Foliicolous lichens and their microhabitat preferences in a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica"). In this work, Lücking recorded 177 foliicolous lichen species from the shrub layer in a Costa Rican tropical forest. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chapsa Scabiocarpa
''Chapsa'' is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was described by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860. Species *'' Chapsa albida'' *'' Chapsa alborosella'' *'' Chapsa alletii'' *'' Chapsa angustispora'' *'' Chapsa boninensis'' *'' Chapsa chionostoma'' *''Chapsa cinchonarum'' *''Chapsa diploschistoides'' *'' Chapsa discoides'' *'' Chapsa dissuta'' *''Chapsa eitenii'' *'' Chapsa elabens'' *'' Chapsa farinosa'' *''Chapsa francisci'' *''Chapsa granulifera'' *'' Chapsa halei'' *''Chapsa hiata'' *''Chapsa hypoconstictica'' *''Chapsa imperfecta'' *''Chapsa indica'' *''Chapsa inspersa'' – Brazil *''Chapsa isidiata'' *''Chapsa laemensis'' *''Chapsa leprocarpa'' *''Chapsa meghalayensis'' *''Chapsa microspora'' *''Chapsa multicarpa'' *''Chapsa neei'' *''Chapsa niveocarpa'' *'' Chapsa nubila'' *''Chapsa pallidella'' *'' Chapsa paralbida'' *'' Chapsa patens'' *'' Chapsa perdissuta'' *'' Chapsa pulchell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatrial septum, the wall of tissue that is a sectional part of the left and right atria of the heart * Interventricular septum, the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart * Lingual septum, a vertical layer of fibrous tissue that separates the halves of the tongue. * Nasal septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the nose * Alveolar septum: the thin wall which separates the alveoli from each other in the lungs * Orbital septum, a palpebral ligament in the upper and lower eyelids * Septum pellucidum or septum lucidum, a thin structure separating two fluid pockets in the brain * Uterine septum, a malformation of the uterus * Vaginal septum, a lateral or transverse partition inside the vagina * Interm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
