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Provider-provisioned VPN
A provider-provisioned VPN (PPVPN) is a virtual private network (VPN) implemented by a connectivity service provider or large enterprise on a network they operate on their own, as opposed to a "customer-provisioned VPN" where the VPN is implemented by the customer who acquires the connectivity service on top of the technical specificities of the provider. When internet service providers implement PPVPNs on their own networks, the security model of typical PPVPN protocols is weaker with respect to tunneling protocols used in customer-provided VPN, especially for confidentiality, because data privacy may not be needed. Provider-provisioned VPN building blocks Depending on whether a provider-provisioned VPN (PPVPN) operates in Layer 2 (L2) or Layer 3 (L3), the building blocks described below may be L2 only, L3 only, or a combination of both. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) functionality blurs the L2–L3 identity by integrating L2 layer information about network links into the L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provider Provisioned VPN
Provider may refer to: * A Distribution (marketing), supplier * Health care provider, an individual or institution that provides health care services * Internet service provider, a business or organization that offers access to the Internet and related services * Provider model, a design pattern originally developed by Microsoft for use in the .NET framework * A euphemism for Prostitution, prostitute, most often referring to high-end sex workers who do not display their profession to the general public * A breadwinner of a family, usually used by the manosphere to refer to a traditional husband. * C-123 Provider, an American military transport aircraft * Provider (Angel), "Provider" (''Angel''), a 2002 episode of the television series ''Angel'' * "Provider", a song by Days of the New from their 1999 album ''Days of the New II, Days of a New'' * Provider (N.E.R.D. song), "Provider" (N.E.R.D. song), 2001 * "Provider", a song by IQ from their 1997 concept album Subterranea (album), Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAC Address
A MAC address (short for medium access control address or media access control address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer of the data link layer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator. MAC addresses are primarily assigned by device manufacturers, and are therefore often referred to as the burned-in address, or as an Ethernet hardware address, hardware address, or physical address. Each address can be stored in the interface hardware, such as its read-only memory, or by a firmware mechanism. Many network interfaces, however, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethernet VPN
Ethernet VPN (EVPN) is a technology for carrying layer 2 Ethernet traffic as a virtual private network using wide area network protocols. EVPN technologies include Ethernet over MPLS and Ethernet over VXLAN. EVPN uses encapsulation methods to ensure efficient and scalable transmission of Ethernet traffic over MPLS or IP-based networks. The Ethernet frames are encapsulated within MPLS or VXLAN headers for transport. MPLS encapsulation In MPLS-based EVPN, Ethernet frames are encapsulated with: # MPLS label stack: Each EVPN instance is associated with a unique label that helps in identifying the destination bridge domain. # Control word (optional): Provides additional information for synchronization and alignment in certain scenarios. The encapsulated packet flow includes: * Original Ethernet frame * MPLS labels * Outer IP header (in case of IP/MPLS networks) EVPNs are covered by a number of Internet RFCs, including: * * * * * References See also * Virtual Private ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network
Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN) is a dynamic tunneling form of a virtual private network (VPN) supported on Cisco IOS-based routers, and Huawei AR G3 routers, and on Unix-like operating systems. Process DMVPN provides the capability for creating a dynamic-mesh VPN network without having to pre-configure (static) all possible tunnel end-point peers, including IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol) peers. DMVPN is initially configured to build out a hub-and-spoke network by statically configuring the hubs (VPN headends) on the spokes, no change in the configuration on the hub is required to accept new spokes. Using this initial hub-and-spoke network, tunnels between spokes can be dynamically built on demand (dynamic-mesh) without additional configuration on the hubs or spokes. This dynamic-mesh capability alleviates the need for any load on the hub to route data between the spoke networks. Techn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption
Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) encrypts data in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)-based dial-up connections or Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) virtual private network (VPN) connections. 128-bit key (strong), 56-bit key, and 40-bit key (standard) MPPE encryption schemes are supported. MPPE provides data security for the PPTP connection that is between the VPN client and the VPN server. MPPE alone does not compress or expand data, but the protocol is often used in conjunction with Microsoft Point-to-Point Compression which compresses data across PPP or VPN links. Negotiation of MPPE happens within the Compression Control Protocol (CCP), a subprotocol of PPP. This can lead to incorrect belief that it is a compression protocol. RFC 3078, which defines this protocol, defines RC4 In cryptography, RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4, also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR, meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is a stream cipher. While it is remarkable for its simplicity and speed in software ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is an obsolete method for implementing virtual private networks. PPTP has many well known security issues. PPTP uses a TCP control channel and a Generic Routing Encapsulation tunnel to encapsulate PPP packets. Many modern VPNs use various forms of UDP for this same functionality. The PPTP specification does not describe encryption or authentication features and relies on the Point-to-Point Protocol being tunneled to implement any and all security functionalities. The PPTP implementation that ships with the Microsoft Windows product families implements various levels of authentication and encryption natively as standard features of the Windows PPTP stack. The intended use of this protocol is to provide security levels and remote access levels comparable with typical VPN products. History A specification for PPTP was published in July 1999 as RFC 2637 and was developed by a vendor consortium formed by Microsoft, Ascend Commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plaintext
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually refers to data that is transmitted or stored unencrypted. Overview With the advent of computing, the term ''plaintext'' expanded beyond human-readable documents to mean any data, including binary files, in a form that can be viewed or used without requiring a key or other decryption device. Information—a message, document, file, etc.—if to be communicated or stored in an unencrypted form is referred to as plaintext. Plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is usually termed ciphertext, particularly when the algorithm is a cipher. Codetext is less often used, and almost always only when the algorithm involved is actually a code. Some systems use multiple layers of encryption, with the output of one encryption algorithm becoming "plaintext" input for the next. Secure handling Insecure handling of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overlay Network
An overlay network is a logical computer network that is protocol layering, layered on top of a physical network. The concept of overlay networking is distinct from the traditional model of OSI model, OSI layered networks, and almost always assumes that the underlay network is an IP network of some kind. Some examples of overlay networking technologies are, VXLAN, Border Gateway Protocol, BGP VPNs, and IP over IP technologies, such as Generic Routing Encapsulation, GRE, IPSEC tunnels, or SD-WAN. Structure Node (networking), Nodes in an overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks because their nodes form networks over existing network connections. The Internet was originally built as an overlay upon the telephone network, while today (through the advent of V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Label Switch Router
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a routing technique in telecommunications networks that directs data from one node to the next based on labels rather than network addresses. Whereas network addresses identify endpoints, the labels identify established paths between endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols, hence the ''multiprotocol'' component of the name. MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1/ E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL. Role and functioning In an MPLS network, labels are assigned to data packets. Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of this label, without the need to examine the packet itself. This allows one to create end-to-end circuits across any type of transport medium, using any protocol. The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer (layer 2) technology, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
