|
Propylphenidine
Propylphenidine is a compound which has been sold as a designer drug, first identified in Australia in 2023. It is unclear what kind of activity it has, as it is claimed to be a stimulant in a patent along with related compounds such as phenylpropylaminopentane, but other structurally similar compounds such as ephenidine and isophenidine are dissociative anesthetic drugs, so it may produce either kind of activity or perhaps a mixture of both. See also * Diphenidine * Lefetamine * Prolintane Prolintane is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) of the phenylalkylpyrrolidine family developed in the 1950s. Being an amphetamine derivative, it is closely related in chemical struct ... References Designer drugs 1,2-Diarylethylamines Phenyl compounds Propyl compounds Secondary amines {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ephenidine
Ephenidine (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a Dissociative drug, dissociative anesthesia, anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is illegal in some countries as a structural isomer of the banned opioid drug lefetamine, but has been sold in countries where it is not yet banned. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Ephenidine and related diarylethylamines have been studied in vitro as treatments for neurotoxic injuries, and are Receptor antagonist, antagonists of the NMDA receptor (Ki = 66.4 nM for ephenidine). Ephenidine also possesses weaker affinity for Dopamine transporter, dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (379 nM and 841 nM, respectively) as well as Sigma-1 receptor, σ1R (629 nM) and Sigma-2 receptor, σ2R (722 nM) binding sites. Pharmacokinetics Metabolism Ephenidine's metabolic pathway consists of N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, mono- and bis-hydroxylation of the benzyl ring, and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring only after N-dea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isophenidine
NPDPA (also known as isopropylphenidine or isophenidine) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first identified in Germany in 2008, and while it has never been as widely sold as related compounds such as diphenidine and ephenidine, it has continued to show up in seized drug samples occasionally, and was banned in Sweden in 2015. Metabolism Isopropylphenidine's metabolic pathway consists of N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, mono- and bis-hydroxylation of the benzene ring, and hydroxylation of the phenyl ring only after N-dealkylation. The dihydroxy metabolites were conjugated by methylation of one hydroxy group, and hydroxy metabolites by glucuronidation or sulfation. Legality Sweden's public health agency suggested that NPDPA be classified as a hazardous substance on 1 June 2015. Due to that suggestion it became a scheduled substance in Sweden, as of 18 August 2015. It has also been proposed for control in Germany under analogue provisions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drug
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, Mood disorder, mood, and physical activity, physical performance. Some stimulants occur naturally, while others are exclusively synthetic. Common stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate, and modafinil. Stimulants may be subject to varying forms of regulation, or outright prohibition, depending on jurisdiction. Stimulants increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system, either directly or indirectly. Prototypical stimulants increase synaptic concentrations of neurotransmitter, excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and dopamine (e.g., methylphenidate). Other stimulants work by binding to the Receptor (biochemistry), receptors of excitatory neurotransmitters (e.g., nicotine) or by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylpropylaminopentane
1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP), also known as α,''N''-dipropylphenethylamine (DPPEA) and by the developmental code name MK-306, is an experimental drug related to selegiline which acts as a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE). PPAP is a CAE and enhances the nerve impulse propagation-mediated release of norepinephrine and dopamine. It produces psychostimulant-like effects in animals. The drug is a phenethylamine and amphetamine derivative and was derived from selegiline. PPAP was first described in the literature in 1988 and in the first major paper in 1992. It led to the development of the improved monoaminergic activity enhancer (MAE) benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) in 1999. PPAP was a reference compound for studying the MAE system for many years. However, it was superseded by BPAP, which is more potent, selective, and also enhances serotonin. There has been interest in PPAP for potential clinical use in humans, including in the treatment of depression, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissociative Drug
Dissociatives, colloquially dissos, are a subclass of hallucinogens that distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and/or self. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such an effect, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include dissociation, a general decrease in sensory experience, hallucinations, dream-like states or anesthesia. Despite most dissociatives' main mechanism of action being tied to NMDA receptor antagonism, some of these substances, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing more ''direct'' and repeatable euphoria or symptoms which are more akin to the effects of typical " hard drugs" or common drugs of abuse. This is likely why dissociatives are considered to be addictive with a fair to moderate potential for abuse, unlike psychedelics. Despite so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anesthesia
Anesthesia (American English) or anaesthesia (British English) is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory), and unconsciousness. An individual under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. Anesthesia enables the painless performance of procedures that would otherwise require physical restraint in a non-anesthetized individual, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. Three broad categories of anesthesia exist: * ''General anesthesia'' suppresses central nervous system activity and results in unconsciousness and total lack of Sensation (psychology), sensation, using either injected or inhaled drugs. * ''Sedation'' suppresses the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting both anxiolysis, anxiety and creation of long-term memory, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenidine
Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug. Diphenidine was first synthesized in 1924 using a Bruylants reaction similar to the one later employed in the discovery of phencyclidine in 1956. Following the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines, diphenidine and the related compound methoxphenidine emerged on the grey market. Anecdotal reports indicate that high doses of diphenidine can produce "bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia." Pharmacology Electrophysiological studies show that diphenidine reduces the amplitude of NMDA-mediated fEPSPs to a similar extent as ketamine, although its antagonistic effect has a slower onset. The drug's two enantiomers exhibit markedly different NMDA receptor affinities, with the (S)-enantiomer being approximately 40 times more potent than the (R)-enantiomer. Since diphenidine's emergence in 2013, vendors have claimed it acts on the dopamine transporter, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lefetamine
Lefetamine (Santenol) is a drug which is a stimulant and also an analgesic with effects comparable to codeine. Discovery The parent structure of lefetamine, 1,2-diphenylethylamine was first synthesized in the 1940s and showed weak analgesic activity. Lefetamine itself was first investigated in Japan in the 1950s. The L-isomer showed weak analgesic action comparable to codeine and antitussive action far weaker than codeine. The d-isomer showed no such activity but caused seizures in rats. Society and culture It was abused in Japan during the 1950s. In a small study in 1989 it showed some effect against opioid withdrawal symptoms without causing withdrawal symptoms itself. It was concluded that it may be an opioid partial agonist. It has been abused in Europe; in 1989 a small study of 15 abusers and some volunteers found that it had some partial similarity to opioids, that it produced withdrawal symptoms, and had dependence and abuse potential to a certain degree. In a sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prolintane
Prolintane is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) of the phenylalkylpyrrolidine family developed in the 1950s. Being an amphetamine derivative, it is closely related in chemical structure to other drugs such as pyrovalerone, MDPV, and propylhexedrine, and has a similar mechanism of action. Many cases of prolintane abuse have been reported. Under the brand name Katovit, prolintane was commercialized by the Spanish pharmaceutical company FHER until 2001. It was most often used by students and workers as a stimulant to provide energy and increase alertness and concentration. See also * α-PVP (β-ketone-prolintane, prolintanone) * Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) * Pyrovalerone (Centroton, Thymergix) * Phenylpropylaminopentane 1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP), also known as α,''N''-dipropylphenethylamine (DPPEA) and by the developmental code name MK-306, is an experimental drug related to selegiline which act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2-Diarylethylamines
Onekama ( ) is a village in Manistee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 399 at the 2020 census. The village is located on the northeast shore of Portage Lake and is surrounded by Onekama Township. The town's name is derived from ''Ona-ga-maa'', an Anishinaabe word which means "singing water". History The predecessor of the village of Onekama was the settlement of Portage at Portage Point, first established in 1845, at the western end of Portage Lake, at the outlet of Portage Creek. In 1871, when landowners around the land-locked lake became exasperated with the practices of the Portage Sawmill, they took the solution into their own hands and dug a channel through the narrow isthmus, opening a waterway that lowered the lake by and brought it to the same level as Lake Michigan. When this action dried out Portage Creek on May 14, 1871, the settlement, which had only the week before been designated as "Onekama" with a post office under that name, moved to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
