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Propylaia (Acropolis Of Athens)
The Propylaia (, ; also spelled Propylaea) is the classical Greek Doric order, Doric building complex that functioned as the monumental ceremonial gateway to the Acropolis of Athens. Built between 437 and 432 BC as a part of the Pericles, Periklean Building Program, it was the last in a series of gatehouses built on the citadel. Its architect was Mnesikles, the architect of the Erechtheion, as identified by Plutarch. It is evident from traces left on the extant building that the plan for the Propylaia evolved considerably during its construction, and that the project was ultimately abandoned in an unfinished state. History The approach to the Acropolis is determined by its geography. The only easily accessible pathway to the plateau lies between what is now the bastion of the Temple of Athena Nike and the terrace of the Pedestal of Agrippa, Agrippa Monument. In Helladic chronology, Mycenaean times the bastion (also referred to as the pyrgos or tower) was encased in a cyclopean w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acropolis Of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens (; ) is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several Ancient Greek architecture, ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word ''Acropolis'' is . The term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece. During ancient times the Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops I, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as early as the 4th millennium BC, it was Pericles (–429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including the Parthenon, the Propylaia_(Acropolis_of_Athens), Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Facade Of The Propylaea On July 23, 2019
East is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sunrise, Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fact that east is the direction where the Sun rises: ''east'' comes from Middle English ''est'', from Old English ''ēast'', which itself comes from the Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic *''aus-to-'' or *''austra-'' "east, toward the sunrise", from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European *aus- "to shine," or "dawn", cognate with Old High German ''*ōstar'' "to the east", Latin ''aurora'' 'dawn', and Greek language, Greek ''ēōs'' 'dawn, east'. Examples of the same formation in other languages include Latin Orient, oriens 'east, sunrise' from orior 'to rise, to originate', Greek language, Greek ανατολή Anatolia, anatolé 'east' from ἀνατέλλω 'to rise' and Hebrew מִזְרָח mizraḥ 'east' from זָרַח zara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philochorus
Philochorus of Athens (; ; 340 BC – 261 BC), was a Greek historian and Atthidographer of the third century BC, and a member of a priestly family. He was a seer and interpreter of signs, and a man of considerable influence. Biography Philochorus was strongly anti-Macedonian in politics, and a bitter opponent of Demetrius Poliorcetes. When Antigonus Gonatas, the son of the latter, besieged and captured Athens (261 BC), Philochorus was put to death for having supported Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt, who had encouraged the Athenians in their resistance to Macedonia. His investigations into the usages and customs of his native Attica were embodied in an '' Atthis'', in seventeen books, a history of Athens from the earliest times to 262 BC. Considerable fragments are preserved in the lexicographers, scholiasts, Athenaeus, and elsewhere. The work was epitomized by the author himself, and later by Asinius Pollio of Tralles (perhaps a freedman of the famous Gaius Asinius Pollio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Choragic Monument Of Nikias
The Choragic Monument of Nikias is a memorial building built on the Acropolis of Athens in 320–319 BCE to commemorate the choregos Nikias, son of Nikodemos. It was situated between the Theatre of Dionysos and the Stoa of Eumenes where its foundations remain along with some fragmentary elements of the structure. It was built in the form of a substantial hexastyle Doric temple with a square cella and might have been surmounted with the prize tripod of the Dionysia. The monument was dismantled at some point in late antiquity and the masonry reused in the Beulé Gate. Archaeology In 1889 Wilhelm Dörpfeld proposed a site in the area of the Odeon of Herodes Atticus for the foundations of the building, which idea was eventually discarded. This identification was then used as a ''terminus ante quem'' for the destruction of the choragic monument and the building of the Beulé Gate before the construction of the Odeon in the middle of the second century. William Dinsmoor finally id ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
City Walls Of Athens
The city of Athens, capital of modern Greece, has had different sets of city walls from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include: * the Mycenaean Cyclopean fortifications of the Acropolis of Athens * the Pelasgic wall at the foot of the Acropolis * the so-called "Archaic Wall", whose existence and course are debated by scholars * the Themistoclean Wall, built in 479 BC, the main city wall during Antiquity, restored and rebuilt several times (under Conon, Demosthenes, Demetrios Poliorketes, etc.) * the Long Walls, built in the 460s and 440s BC, connecting Athens with its ports at Piraeus and Phaleron * the ''Protocheisma'', a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians * the '' Diateichisma'', built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus * the Valerian Wall, built in , partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beulé Gate
The Beulé Gate () is a fortified gate, constructed in the Roman period, leading to the Propylaia of the Acropolis of Athens. It was constructed almost entirely from repurposed materials () taken from the Choragic Monument of Nikias, a monument built in the fourth century BCE and demolished between the second and fourth centuries CE. The dedicatory inscription from Nikias's monument is still visible in the entablature of the Beulé Gate. The gate was integrated into the Post-Herulian Wall, a late Roman fortification built around the Acropolis in the years following the city's sack by the Germanic Heruli people in 267 or early 268 CE. Its construction marked the beginning of a new phase in the Acropolis's use, in which it came to be seen more as a potential defensive position than in the religious terms that had marked its use in the classical period. During the medieval period, the gate was further fortified and closed off, before being built over with a bast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dog-leg (stairs)
A dog-leg is a configuration of stairs between two floors of a building, often a domestic building, in which a flight of stairs ascends to a quarter-landing before turning at a right angle and continuing upwards. The flights do not have to be equal, and frequently are not. Structurally, the flights of a dog-leg stair are usually supported by the quarter-landing, which spans the adjoining flank walls. From the design point of view, the main advantages of a dog-leg stair are: * To allow an arrangement that occupies a shorter, though wider, floor area than a straight flight, and so is more compact. Even though the landings consume more total floor space, there is no large single dimension. * The upper floor is not directly visible from the bottom of the stairs, thereby providing more privacy. References {{Reflist, refs= {{Cite book , last1 = Hartwell , first1 = Clare , last2 = Pevsner , first2 = Nikolaus , author2-link = Nikolaus Pevsner , title = Lancashire: Nor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; ; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54), or Claudius, was a Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, where his father was stationed as a military legate. He was the first Roman emperor to be born outside Roman Italy, Italy. As he had a limp and slight deafness due to an illness he suffered when young, he was ostracized by his family and was excluded from public office until his consulship (which was shared with his nephew, Caligula, in 37). Claudius's infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges throughout the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula, as potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to him being declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family. Despite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount Pentelicus
Mount Pentelicus or Pentelikon (, or ) is a mountain in Attica, Greece, situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. Its highest point is the peak ''Pyrgari'', with an elevation of 1,109 m. The mountain is covered in large part with forest (about 60 or 70%), and can be seen from southern Athens (Attica), the Pedia plain, Parnitha, and the southern part of the northern suburbs of Athens. Houses surround the mountain, especially in Vrilissia, Penteli, Ekali, Dionysos, and north of Gerakas. Marble from Mount Pentelicus is of exceptionally high quality and was used to construct much of the Athenian Acropolis. Later, Pentelic marble was exported to Rome, where it was used in construction and in sculptures. In ancient times it was also called Brilessos or Brilettos (, ) which is the origin of the name of the nearby suburb of Vrilissia. Pentelic marble Mount Pentelicus has been famous for its marble since antiquity. Pentelic marble was used for the construction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashlar
Ashlar () is a cut and dressed rock (geology), stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape. The term can also refer to a structure built from such stones. Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, and is generally rectangular (cuboid). It was described by Vitruvius as ''opus isodomum'' or trapezoidal. Precisely cut "on all faces adjacent to those of other stones", ashlar is capable of requiring only very thin joints between blocks, and the visible face of the stone may be Quarry-faced stone, quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments: tooled, smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect. One such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb. Generally used only on softer stone ashlar, this decoration is known as "mason's drag". Ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry, which employs irregularly shaped stones, sometimes minimally worked or selected for simi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tympanum (architecture)
A tympanum ( tympana; from Greek and wiktionary:tympanum#Latin, Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch. It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ornaments. Many architecture, architectural styles include this element, although it is most commonly associated with Romanesque architecture, Romanesque and Gothic architecture, Gothic architecture. Alternatively, the tympanum may hold an inscription, or in modern times, a clock face. Tympanums in antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Tympanums are by definition inscriptions enclosed by a pediment, however the evolution of tympanums gives them more specific implications. Pediments first emerged early in Classical Greece around 700-480 BCE, with early examples such as the Parthenon remaining famous to this day. Pediments spread across the Hellenistic world with the rest of classical architecture. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
