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Polo Y Servicio
''Polo y servicio'' was the Forced labour, forced labor system without compensation imposed upon the local population in the Philippines during the History of the Philippines (1565–1898), Spanish colonial period. In concept, it was similar to ''Repartimiento'', a forced labor system used in the Spanish America. The word ''polo'' refers to community work, and the laborer was called ''polista''. The community activities that ''polistas'' have to perform may include cutting trees for timber, and building Galleon trade ships, churches, government buildings, roads, and bridges. ''Polo y servicio'' was mandatory for males from 16 to 60 years old, for a 40-day period per year. The laborers could be sent to any community project, and anyone who refused was fined and imprisoned. History ''Polo y servicio'' was imposed on the local indigenous male population in the Philippines since the late sixteenth century. In 1863, a 1863 Manila earthquake, strong earthquake struck Manila, and kille ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forced Labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence including death, or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps. Definition Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include: *"any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;" *"any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Colonial Real
The silver real ( es, real de plata) was the currency of the Spanish colonies in America and the Philippines. In the seventeenth century the silver real was established at two billon reals (''reales de vellón'') or sixty-eight ''maravedís''. Gold ''escudos'' (worth 16 reales) were also issued. The coins circulated throughout Spain's colonies and beyond, with the eight-real piece, known in English as the Spanish dollar, becoming an international standard and spawning, among other currencies, the United States dollar. A reform in 1737 set the silver real at two and half billon reals (reales de vellón) or eighty-five maravedís. This coin, called the ''real de plata fuerte'', became the new standard, issued as coins until the early 19th century. The gold escudo was worth 16 ''reales de plata fuerte''. History Coins were produced at mints in Bogotá, Caracas, Guatemala City, Lima, Mexico City, Popayán, Potosí, Santo Domingo and Santiago. For details, see the: * Colombian re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1872 Cavite Mutiny
The Cavite mutiny ( es, El Motín de Cavite) of 1872 was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands (then also known as part of the Spanish East Indies) on 20 January 1872. Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning Philippines nationalist movement. Many scholars believed that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Causes of the Cavite mutiny The causes of the Cavite Mutiny can be identified through examining the different accounts in this historic event. Spanish accounts of the mutiny Jose Montero y Vidal is a Spanish Historian, who interpreted that the Mutiny was an attempt to remove and overthrow the Span ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafael Izquierdo Y Gutiérrez
Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (30 September 1820 – 9 November 1883) was a Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 4 April 1871 to 8 January 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada. He was the Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs. Izquierdo also acted as Governor-General of Puerto Rico from March 1862 to April 1862. Early life Izquierdo was born on 30 September 1820 in Santander, Spain to Antonio Izquierdo del Monte and Antonia Gutiérrez de la Cámara. He was baptized Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano by Isidro Sánchez on the same day. Entering as a cadet in the regiment of infantry of Gerona, Rafael Izquierdo reached the military rank of captain by the age of 17 when he participated in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort San Felipe (Cavite)
Fort San Felipe ( es, La Fortaleza de San Felipe; fil, Moog ng San Felipe Neri}) is a military fortress in Cavite City, Philippines. It was constructed by the Spanish military in 1609 in the first port town of ''Cavite'', the historic core of the present and larger Cavite City, for its protection. Less than half of the original historic structure survives today. The remaining structure is made of granite blocks with 30-foot high walls and features a wide stairway leading to the top of the bastions and remaining walls. Naval memorabilia including antique cannons and cannonballs decorate the lawns of the fortification. Fort San Felipe is located within the Naval Base Cavite of the Philippine Navy and is not open to the public. At present, the name Fort San Felipe also refers to the area of the present Cavite City where the first historic port town ''Cavite'' (also known as ''Cavite Nuevo'' then ''Cavite Puerto'') and the Cavite Arsenal (now Naval Base Cavite) were located ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos María De La Torre Y Navacerrada
Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada (1809–1879) was a Spanish soldier and politician. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1869 to 1871, and is considered one of the most beloved Spanish Governors-General assigned to the Philippines. Governor-General of the Philippines A Carlist army officer, he was sent from Spain by Francisco Serrano after the ouster of Queen Isabel II as result of the La Gloriosa revolution. He was considered a liberal Spaniard who practiced the liberal and democratic principles for imposing liberal laws. He wanted to have the bronze statue of Isabel II, first unveiled in 1860, melted so that it would be put to better use. However, the Manila City Council saved it by declaring the statue municipal property. He established the Guardia Civil in the Philippines and gave amnesty to rebels, of which the most prominent was Casimiro Camerino (''El tulisán''), the leader of bandits in Cavite. He organized the bandits given amnesty into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governor-General Of The Philippines
The Governor-General of the Philippines ( Spanish: ''Gobernador y Capitán General de Filipinas''; Filipino: ''Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas/Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas''; Japanese: ) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed by Mexico City and Madrid (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power. On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino " President of the Philippine Commonwealth", as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General. The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines. From 1565 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gomburza (square Crop)
Gomburza, alternatively stylized as GOMBURZA or GomBurZa, refers to three Filipino Catholic priests, Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed by garrote on February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. The name is a portmanteau of the priests' surnames. Gomburza incurred the hatred of Spanish authorities for fighting for equal rights among priests and leading the campaign against the Spanish friars. They fought on the issues of secularization in the Philippines that led to the conflict of religious and church seculars. Their execution had a profound effect on many late 19th-century Filipinos; José Rizal, later to become the country's national hero, would dedicate his novel '' El filibusterismo'' to their memory. Mutiny by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard was the pretext needed by the authorities to redress a perceived humiliation from the principal obje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Dagohoy
Francisco Dagohoy (born Francisco Sendrijas; c. 1724) was a Filipino revolutionary who holds the distinction of having initiated the longest revolt in Philippine history, the Dagohoy Rebellion. This rebellion against the Spanish colonial government took place on the island of Bohol from 1744 to 1829, roughly 85 years. Francisco Dagohoy started the revolt at the age of 20. He probably died before 1829 due to either old age or sickness. Little is known of Francisco Dagohoy's lifestyle before the rebellion, or even his early life. The only information known is that his real name was Francisco Sendrijas, that he was born in 1724, and that he was a native of Barangay Cambitoon, Inabanga, Bohol. He was also '' cabeza de barangay'', or one of the barangay captains of the town. His name derives from an amulet ("''dagon''" in Cebuano) he wore, which people believed gave him the charm of a gentle wind or "''hoyohoy''" (or ''huyuhoy'') and the power to jump from hill to hill or across riv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabiniano Manrique De Lara
Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, born in Málaga in 1609, died in Málaga, 16 November 1679,Salazar, Historia genealogica de Lara, Vol.2, cap.VII, p.776 and 780 was Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Islands from 1653 to 1663, the third longest-serving Governor-General after Rafael María de Aguilar (governed 1793-1806), and Fausto Cruzat y Góngora (governed 1690-1701). Biography He succeeded Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines Islands Diego Fajardo Chacon y Entenza, who served from 11 August 1644 to 25 July 1653. He was a cadet brother of the Juan Fajardo de Guevara, 1st Marquis of Espinardo, a title awarded by King Philip IV of Spain in 1626, the purchaser of former morisco populated lands, and may have been connected with the "Fajardo Chacón" Royal Accountants family, from the Murcia and Almeria lands, who obtained earlier the title of Marquis of los Marquis of Los VélezVélez, a title awarded by Queen Joan I of Castile "the Mad", in 1507. The attacks on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Maniago
Francisco Maniago was a Filipino revolutionary leader who lived in the 17th century, during the Spanish colonization period in the Philippines. He led a revolt in Pampanga in 1660 against the ''bandala system,'' where the locals were forced to sell their agricultural products at low prices, and the ''polo y servicio'' system, a form of forced labor where the locals worked on any government project without payment. Revolt Under polo y servicio, men in Pampanga worked as timber cutters for eight months, which led to low agricultural harvests. To show their opposition against the forced labor system, the men set their campsite on fire, and chose Francisco Maniago, the chief from Mexico, Pampanga, as their leader. Under Maniago, the revolting group closed the mouths of the rivers with stakes to disrupt commerce. They also sent letters to chiefs in provinces outside of Pampanga, asking to join the revolt against Spain. Maniago's revolt was however short-lived. He made peace with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest of Manila, it is one of the most industrialized and fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines. As of 2020, it has a population of 4,344,829, making it the most populated province in the country if the independent cities of Cebu are excluded from Cebu's population figure. The ''de facto'' capital and seat of the government of the province is Trece Martires, although Imus is the official (''de jure'') capital while the City of Dasmariñas is the largest city in the province. For over 300 years, the province played an important role in both the country's colonial past and eventual fight for independence, earning it the title "Historical Capital of the Philippines". It became the cradle of the Philippine Revolution, which led to the ren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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