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Polactwo
''Polactwo'' (literally "Polackness") is a book by Rafał Ziemkiewicz, published in 2004 and 2007.Red Horse, , reedycja Wydanie II poprawione i uzupełnione. The author tries to explain what happened with Poles after the fall of communism and the toxic influence of tens of years of communism and the destruction it brought to Poland. He tells about the destructive force of people gathered around Adam Michnik – an argument which he follows in his book ''Michnikowszczyzna. Zapis choroby''. He tries to describe the reasons and effects of low self-esteem of Poles as a nation, who regard themselves low in sociological studies. According to Ziemkiewicz, the reasons are processes that shaped the society through the years of partitions and communism Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist soci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polack
In the contemporary English language, the noun ''Polack'' ( and ) is a derogatory term, primarily used in North America, referring to a person of Polish origin. It is an anglicisation of the Polish masculine noun ''Polak'', which denotes a person of Polish ethnicity and typically male gender. However, the English loanword is considered an ethnic slur. History According to ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' by Douglas Harper, ''Polack'' meant as "Polish immigrant, person of Polish descent" was used in American English until the late 19th century (1879) to describe a "Polish person" in a non-offensive way (1574). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) based on the Unabridged Dictionary by Random House claims that the word originated between 1590 and 1600. For example, in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, the character Horatio uses the term ''Polacks'' to refer to the opponents of Hamlet's father: In an Irish-published edition of ''Hamlet'' by the ''Educational Company'', Patrick Murr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafał Ziemkiewicz
Rafał () is a Polish masculine given name. It is the Polish form of the name Raphael. Notable people with the name A-J * Rafał Adamczyk (born 1974), Polish politician * Rafał Ambrozik (born 1979), Polish politician * Rafał Andraszak (born 1978), Polish footballer * Rafał Antoniewski (born 1980), Polish chess grandmaster * Rafał Augustyn (composer) (born 1951), Polish composer, pianist and writer * Rafał Augustyn (racewalker) (born 1984), Polish race walker * Rafał Augustyniak (born 1993), Polish footballer * Rafał Berliński (born 1976), Polish footballer * Rafał Betlejewski (born 1969), Polish artist * Rafał Blechacz (born 1985), Polish classical pianist * Rafał Bochenek (born 1986), Polish lawyer and politician * Rafał Boguski (born 1984), Polish footballer * Rafał Bruski (born 1962), Polish politician * Rafał Brzoska (born 1977), Polish entrepreneur and investor * Rafał Brzozowski (born 1981), Polish singer and TV presenter, represented Poland in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People
Polish people, or Poles, are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation who share a common History of Poland, history, Culture of Poland, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe. The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizenship, citizens of Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. The majority of Poles adhere to Roman Catholicism. The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census), of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (the ''Polish diaspora, Polonia'') exists throughout Eurasia, the Americas, and Australasia. Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the Warsaw metropolitan area and the Katowice urban area. Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient West Slavic Lechites and other tribes t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Michnik
Adam Michnik (; born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989), dissident, Intellectual#Public intellectual, public intellectual, as well as co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper . Reared in a family of committed communists, Michnik became an opponent of Poland's communist regime at the time of the party's anti-Jewish purges. He was imprisoned after the 1968 1968 Polish political crisis, March Events and again after the imposition of Martial Law in Poland, martial law in 1981. He has been called "one of Poland's most famous political prisoners". Michnik played a crucial role during the Polish Round Table Talks, as a result of which the communists agreed to call 1989 Polish legislative election, elections in 1989, which were won by Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity. Though he has withdrawn from active politics, he has "maintained an influential voice through journalism". He has received ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michnikowszczyzna
''Michnikowszczyzna. Zapis choroby'' is a book written by a Polish right-wing journalist Rafał Ziemkiewicz in 2006. The title might be translated as ''Michnikism. Medical History''. It presents a negative analytical and critical view of Adam Michnik, the founder and editor-in-chief of ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (second biggest daily newspaper in Poland), and Michnik's role within Polish society and in the transformation in Poland after 1989. In the view of the author, the neologism "Michnikowszczyzna" refers to both Michnik himself, his apprentices and the views presented by ''Gazeta Wyborcza,'' The term can be loosely translated as 'Michnikitis'. Ziemkiewicz describes in detail their—in his opinion—excessive and negative impact on the shape of politics in Poland, especially during the 90s. The book and author's thesis were criticized by some authors, especially those associated with Gazeta Wyborcza. Released in December 2006, it ranked 6th on the January 2007 list of Polish best ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partitions Of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partition (politics), partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place between 1772 and 1795, toward the end of the 18th century. They ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations. The First Partition of Poland, First Partition was decided on August 5, 1772, after the Bar Confederation lost the war with Russia. The Second Partition of Poland, Second Partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the Grodno Sejm on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The Third Partition of Poland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Poland (1945–1989)
The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Marxist–Leninist regime in Poland after the end of World War II. These years, while featuring general industrialization, urbanization and many improvements in the standard of living, were marred by early Stalinist repressions, social unrest, political strife and severe economic difficulties. Near the end of World War II, the advancing Soviet Red Army, along with the Polish Armed Forces in the East, pushed out the Nazi German forces from occupied Poland. In February 1945, the Yalta Conference sanctioned the formation of a provisional government of Poland from a compromise coalition, until postwar elections. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, manipulated the implementation of that ruling. A practically communist-controlled Provisional Government of National Unity was formed in Warsaw by ignoring the Polish government-in-exile based in London since 1940. During the subsequent Potsdam Conference in July†... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2004 Non-fiction Books
4 (four) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 3 and preceding 5. It is a square number, the smallest semiprime and composite number, and is considered unlucky in many East Asian cultures. Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit Brahmic numerals represented 1, 2, and 3 with as many lines. 4 was simplified by joining its four lines into a cross that looks like the modern plus sign. The Shunga would add a horizontal line on top of the digit, and the Kshatrapa and Pallava evolved the digit to a point where the speed of writing was a secondary concern. The Arabs' 4 still had the early concept of the cross, but for the sake of efficiency, was made in one stroke by connecting the "western" end to the "northern" end; the "eastern" end was finished off with a curve. The Europeans dropped the finishing curve and gradually made the digit less cursive, ending up with a digit very close to the original Brahmin cross. While the shape of the characte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Books About Poland
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
