|
Podalyrieae
The tribe Podalyrieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. Description The Podalyrieae arose 30.5 ± 2.6 million years ago (in the Oligocene) in the fynbos (Cape Floristic Region) of South Africa and is still mostly found there. All members of the tribe exhibit either nonsprouting or sprouting fire survival strategies. Many species are pollinated by insects, especially carpenter bees, while others are pollinated by sunbirds or rodents. The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but several morphological synapomorphies have been identified: "imparipinnately compound leaves, axillary racemose inflorescences, carboxylic acid esters of quinolizidine alkaloids, and the isoflavone 3′-hydroxydaidzein as a major seed flavonoid" as well as "strongly reduced or absent bracteoles and the occurrence of persistent antipodals in the female gametophyt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphithalea
''Amphithalea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. It includes 41 species endemic to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. Species ''Amphithalea'' comprises the following species: * '' Amphithalea alba'' Granby * '' Amphithalea axillaris'' Granby * '' Amphithalea biovulata'' (Bolus) Granby * '' Amphithalea bodkinii'' Dummer * '' Amphithalea bowiei'' (Benth.) A. L. Schutte * '' Amphithalea bullata'' (Benth.) A. L. Schutte * '' Amphithalea cedarbergensis'' (Granby) A. L. Schutte * '' Amphithalea ciliaris'' Eckl. & Zeyh. * '' Amphithalea concava'' Granby * '' Amphithalea cuneifolia'' Eckl. & Zeyh. * '' Amphithalea cymbifolia'' (C. A. Sm.) A. L. Schutte * '' Amphithalea dahlgrenii'' (Granby) A. L. Schutte * '' Amphithalea ericifolia'' (L.) Eckl. & Zeyh. * '' Amphithalea esterhuyseniae'' (Granby) A.L.Schutte * '' Amphithalea flava'' (Granby) A.L.Schutte * '' Amphithalea fourcadei'' Compton * '' Amphithalea imbricata'' (L.) Dru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rodents
Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia ( ), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are native to all major land masses except for Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity. Rodents are extremely diverse in their ecology and lifestyles and can be found in almost every terrestrial habitat, including human-made environments. Species can be arboreal, fossorial (burrowing), saltatorial/ricochetal (leaping on their hind legs), or semiaquatic. However, all rodents share several morphological features, including having only a single upper and lower pair of ever-growing incisors. Well-known rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, prairie dogs, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Once included with rodents, rabbits, hares, and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a Heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic ring (C, the ring containing the embedded oxygen). This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: *flavonoids or bioflavonoids *isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromone, chromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyran, benzopyrone) structure *neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyran, benzopyrone) structure The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daidzein
Daidzein (7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one) is a naturally occurring compound found exclusively in soybeans and other legumes, and structurally belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones. Daidzein and other isoflavones are produced in plants through the Phenylpropanoids metabolism, phenylpropanoid pathway of secondary metabolism and are used as signal carriers, and defense responses to pathogenic attacks. Upon consumption of isoflavone-rich foods, daidzein has poor bioavailability and low water solubility. Natural occurrence Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds, such as genistein, are present in a number of plants and herbs like kwao krua (''Pueraria mirifica'') and kudzu. It can also be found in ''Maackia amurensis'' cell cultures. Daidzein can be found in food such as mature soybeans and soy products like soy protein concentrate, tofu and textured vegetable protein. Total isoflavones in soybeans are—in general—37 percent daidzein, 57 percent ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoflavone
Isoflavones are a type of naturally-occurring isoflavonoids, many of which act as phytoestrogens in mammals. Isoflavones occur in many plant species, but are especially high in soybeans. Although isoflavones and closely-related phytoestrogens are sold as dietary supplements, there is little scientific evidence for either the safety of long-term supplementation or of health benefits from these compounds. Some studies indicate that isoflavone supplementation may help lower the risk of hormone-related cancers. Organic chemistry and biosynthesis Isoflavone is an isomer of flavone, which is chromone substituted with a phenyl group in the 2-position. In isoflavone, the phenyl group is in the 3-position. Substituted isoflavone derivatives are related to the parent by the replacement of two or three hydrogen atoms with hydroxyl groups. Isoflavone differs from flavone (2-phenyl-4''H''-1-benzopyr-4-one) in location of the phenyl group. Isoflavones are produced via a branch of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinolizidine
Quinolizidine (norlupinane, octahydro-2''H''-quinolizine) is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. Some alkaloids (e.g. cytisine and sparteine) are derivatives of quinolizidine. Quinolizidine alkaloids Quinolizidine alkaloids, such as nupharine and related chemicals, can be found in '' Nymphaea lotus'' and other species in the family Nymphaeaceae. Quinolizidine alkaloids are also found in genistoid legumes Legumes are plants in the pea family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants. When used as a dry grain for human consumption, the seeds are also called pulses. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consu .... External links * * Synthesis: {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inflorescence
In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis (Peduncle (botany), peduncle) and by the timing of its flowering (determinate and indeterminate). Morphology (biology), Morphologically, an inflorescence is the modified part of the Shoot (botany), shoot of spermatophyte, seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internode (botany), internodes and the phyllotaxis, as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations, connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. One can also define an inflorescence as the reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern. General characteristics Inflorescences are described by many different charact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel Phenotypic trait, character or character state that has evolution, evolved from its ancestral form (or Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy, plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxon, taxa and is therefore Hypothesis#Scientific hypothesis, hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. ) In cladistics, synapomorphy implies Homology (biology), homology. Examples of apomorphy are the presence of Terrestrial locomotion#Posture, erect gait, fur, Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a Terrestrial locomotion#Posture, sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals. Etymology The word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxon (journal)
''Taxon'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering plant taxonomy. It is published by Wiley on behalf of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, of which it is the official journal. It was established in 1952 and is the only place where nomenclature proposals and motions to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (except for the rules concerning fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...) can be published. The editor-in-chief is Dirk C. Albach ( University of Oldenburg). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the '' Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.817. References External links *{{Official website, https://onlinelibrary.w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Systematic Biology
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships, graphically represented in cladograms) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth. The word systematics is derived from the Latin word of Ancient Greek origin '' systema,'' which means systematic arrangement of organisms. Carl Linnaeus used 'Systema Naturae' as the title of his book. Branches and applications In the study of biological systematics, researchers use the different branch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics And Evolution
''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer. Indexing The journal is indexed in: * EMBiology *Journal Citation Reports *Scopus Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation database, launched by the academic publisher Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science in 2004. The ensuing competition between the two databases has been characterized as "intense" and is c ... * Web of Science External links * Elsevier academic journals Evolutionary biology journals Phylogenetics Academic journals established in 1992 Monthly journals {{biology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biochemical Systematics And Ecology
''Biochemical Systematics and Ecology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering chemotaxonomy and ecology. Tony Swain, one of the first editors of ''Phytochemistry'' started the sister journal ''Biochemical Systematics'' in 1973. It was renamed ''Biochemical Systematics and Ecology'' in the next year. The editors-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun ... are Severina Pacifico ( Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli) and Christian Zidorn ( Kiel University). References External links * English-language journals Elsevier academic journals Ecology journals Academic journals established in 1973 Systematics journals Biochemistry journals Bimonthly journals {{ecology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
