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Phloretin
Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenol. It can be found in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot. Metabolism In rats, ingested phlorizin is converted into phloretin by hydrolytic enzymes in the small intestine. Phloretin hydrolase hydrolyses phloretin into phloretic acid and phloroglucinol. Pharmacological research In an animal model, phloretin inhibited active transport of glucose into cells by SGLT1 and SGLT2, though the inhibition is weaker than by its glycoside phlorizin. An important effect of this is the inhibition of glucose absorption by the small intestine and the inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption. Phloretin also inhibits a variety of urea transporters. It induces urea loss and diuresis when coupled with high protein diets. Phloretin has been found to inhibit weight gain and improve metabolic homeostasis in mice fed with high-fat diet. Phloretin inhibits aquaporin 9 (AQP9) on mouse hepatocytes. Nanoparticle Synthesis P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a colorless solid. It is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and explosives. Phloroglucinol is one of three isomeric benzenetriols. The other two isomers are hydroxyquinol (1,2,4-benzenetriol) and pyrogallol (1,2,3-benzenetriol). Phloroglucinol, and its benzenetriol isomers, are still defined as "phenols" according to the IUPAC official nomenclature rules of chemical compounds. Many such monophenolics are often termed "polyphenols" by the cosmetic and parapharmaceutical industries, which does not match the scientifically accepted definition. Synthesis and occurrence In 1855, phloroglucinol was first prepared from phloretin by the Austrian chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz (1825–1875). A modern synthesis of involves hydrolysis of benzene-1,3,5-triamine and its derivatives. Representative is the following route from trinitrobenzene. : The synthesis is noteworthy because ordinary aniline derivatives are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihydrochalcone
Dihydrochalcone (DHC) is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)(CH2)2C6H5. It is the reduced derivative of chalcone (C6H5C(O)(CH)2C6H5). It is white solid that is soluble in many organic solvents. Dihydrochalcone per se is often minor significance, but some derivatives occur in nature and have attracted attention as drugs. Natural dihydrochalcones left, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a commercial artificial sweetener that features the dihydrochalcone substituent. * Aspalathin, a C-linked dihydrochalcone glucoside found in rooibos, a common herbal tea * Naringin dihydrochalcone, an artificial sweetener derived from naringin * Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, an artificial sweetener derived from citrus * Nothofagin, a C-linked phloretin glucoside found in rooibos * Phloretin Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenol. It can be found in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot. Metabolism In rats, ingested phlorizin is converted into phloretin b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihydrochalcones
Dihydrochalcone (DHC) is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)(CH2)2C6H5. It is the reduced derivative of chalcone (C6H5C(O)(CH)2C6H5). It is white solid that is soluble in many organic solvents. Dihydrochalcone per se is often minor significance, but some derivatives occur in nature and have attracted attention as drugs. Natural dihydrochalcones left, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a commercial artificial sweetener that features the dihydrochalcone substituent. * Aspalathin, a C-linked dihydrochalcone glucoside found in rooibos, a common herbal tea * Naringin dihydrochalcone, an artificial sweetener derived from naringin * Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, an artificial sweetener derived from citrus * Nothofagin, a C-linked phloretin glucoside found in rooibos * Phloretin * Isosalipurpurin Dihydrochalcones (3′,5′-dihydroxy-2′,4′,6′-trimethoxydihydrochalcone (methyl linderone) and 2′-hydroxy-3′,4′,5′,6′-tetramethoxydihydrochalcone (dihydrokanakugiol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osmotic Diuresis
Diuresis () is increased urination (polyuria) or, in the related word senses more often intended, the physiological process that produces such an increase or the administration of medications to encourage that process. It involves extra urine production in the kidneys as part of the body's homeostatic maintenance of fluid balance. In healthy people, the drinking of extra water produces mild diuresis to maintain the body water balance. Many people with health issues, such as heart failure and kidney failure, need diuretic medications to help their kidneys deal with the fluid overload of edema. These drugs promote water loss via urine production. The concentrations of electrolytes in the blood are closely linked to fluid balance, so any action or problem involving fluid intake or output (such as polydipsia, polyuria, diarrhea, heat exhaustion, starting or changing doses of diuretics, and others) can require management of electrolytes, whether through self-care in mild cases or w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phloretin-glucosidase
In enzymology, a glycosylceramidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O \rightleftharpoons N-acylsphingosine + a sugar Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine and H2O, whereas its two products are N-acylsphingosine and sugar. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules. Some common examples of hydrolase enzymes are es ...s, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine glycohydrolase. Other names in common use include phlorizin hydrolase, phloretin-glucosidase, glycosyl ceramide glycosylhydrolase, cerebrosidase, phloridzin beta-glucosidase, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, and phloridzin glucosidas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naringin Dihydrochalcone
Naringin dihydrochalcone, sometimes abbreviated to naringin DC, is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin, a bitter compound found in citrus. Naringin dihydrochalcone is a phloretin glycoside discovered at the same time as neohesperidin dihydrochalcone during the 1960s as part of a United States Department of Agriculture research program to find methods for minimizing the taste of bitter flavorants in citrus juices. When naringin is treated with potassium hydroxide or another strong base, and then catalyst, catalytically hydrogenation, hydrogenated, it becomes a dihydrochalcone that is roughly 300–1800 times sweeter than sugar at threshold concentrations. References External links * {{Dihydrochalcone Sugar substitutes Dihydrochalcone glycosides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glucoside
A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. The name was originally given to plant products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are Jinigrin and Jalapin or Scammonin). It has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e.g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also. Although glucose is the most common sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides. Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phlorizin
Phlorizin is a glucoside of phloretin, a dihydrochalcone. A white solid, samples often appear yellow owing to impurities. It is of sweet taste and contains four molecules of water in the crystal. Above 200 °C, it decomposes to give rufin. It is poorly soluble in ether and cold water, but soluble in ethanol and hot water. Upon prolonged exposure to aqueous solutions phlorizin hydrolyzes to phloretin and glucose. Occurrence Phlorizin is found primarily in unripe ''Malus'' (apple) root bark of apple, and trace amounts have been found in strawberry. In ''Malus'', it is most abundant in vegetative tissues (such as leaves and bark) and seeds. Closely related species, such as pear (''Pyrus communis''), cherry, and other fruit trees in the ''Rosaceae'' do not contain phloridzin. Phloridzin is a phytochemical that belongs to the class of polyphenols. In natural sources, it may occur with other polyphenols such as quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins, and rutin. Pharm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: * Protein synthesis * Protein storage * Transformation of carbohydrates * Synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids * Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances * Initiation of formation and secretion of bile Structure The typical hepatocyte is cubical with sides of 20-30 μm, (in comparison, a human hair has a diameter of 17 to 180 μm).The diameter of human hair ranges from 17 to 181 μm. The typical volume of a hepatocyte is 3.4 x 10−9 cm3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in hepatocytes, in contrast to most other cell types. Microanatomy Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm, reflecting numerous mitochondria, and basophilic stippling due to large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Brown lipofuscin granules are also obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquaporin 9
Aquaporin-9 (AQP-9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AQP9'' gene. The aquaporin Aquaporins, also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells. The cell membranes of a v ...s/ major intrinsic protein are a family of water-selective membrane channels. Aquaporin-9 has greater sequence similarity with AQP3 and AQP7 and they may be a subfamily. Aquaporin-9 allows passage of a wide variety of noncharged solutes. AQP-9 stimulates urea transport and osmotic water permeability; there are contradicting reports about its role in providing glycerol permeability. Aquaporin-9 may also have some role in specialized leukocyte functions such as immunological response and bactericidal activity. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * {{Ion channels, g4 [Baidu] |
Renal Glucose Reabsorption
Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of renal physiology, kidney (renal) physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose, preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine. If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glycosuria. This is associated with diabetes mellitus. Firstly, the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter. Some (typically smaller) amino acids are also transported in this way. Once in the tubule wall, the glucose and amino acids diffuse directly into the blood capill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urea Transporter
A urea transporter is a membrane transport protein, transporting urea. Humans and other mammals have two types of urea transport proteins, UT-A and UT-B. The UT-A proteins are important for renal urea handling and are produced by alternative splicing of the SLC14A2 gene. Urea transport in the kidney is regulated by vasopressin. The structure of a urea transport family protein from '' Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' was determined by x-ray crystallography. The structure has a pathway through the membrane that is similar to that of ion channel proteins, accounting for the ability of urea transport proteins to move up to one million urea molecules per second across the membrane. Urea transporters can be inhibited by the action of urea analogues like thiourea and glycosides like phloretin. Their inhibition results in increased diuresis due to urea induced osmosis in the collecting ducts of the kidney. Types In mammals, there are two urea transporter genes: UT-A (''SLC14A2'') and UT-B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
