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Pentamethoxyphenethylamine
Pentamethoxyphenethylamine (PeMPEA), also known as 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyphenethylamine (2,3,4,5,6-PeMPEA), is a drug of the phenethylamine family related to the psychedelic drug mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). It has been found to produce behavioral effects in animals, with about 8-fold higher potency than mescaline in the conditioned avoidance response test. The pharmacokinetics of the drug in rodents have been studied. The effects of PeMPEA in humans have not been reported and are unknown. It was first described in the scientific literature by 1955. PeMPEA was included as an entry in Alexander Shulgin's 2011 book '' The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds''. See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * Pentamethoxyamphetamine (PeMA) * 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine (TeMPEA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family related to mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) and the 2C dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pentamethoxyamphetamine
Pentamethoxyamphetamine (PeMA), also known as 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyamphetamine (2,3,4,5,6-PeMA), is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families related to the psychedelic drug mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). It is the α-methyl or amphetamine derivative of pentamethoxyphenethylamine (PeMPEA). The compound does not seem to have been tested in animals or humans. However, the related drug PeMPEA is known to be behaviorally active in animal studies. PeMA was first described in the scientific literature by Alexander Shulgin by 1969. See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * Pentamethoxyphenethylamine * Tetramethoxyamphetamine * Tetramethoxyphenethylamine * Trimethoxyamphetamine 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA, TMA-1, or 3,4,5-TMA), also known as α-methylmescaline or mescalamphetamine, is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families. It is one of the trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) series of positiona ... * Dimethoxymethyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Methoxyphenethylamine
Methoxyphenethylamines (MPEAs), as well as methoxyamphetamines (MAs) in the case of the amphetamine (α-methylphenethylamine) homologues, are substituted phenethylamines with one or more methoxy groups. In some cases, one or more of the methoxy groups may also be extended to form other alkoxy and related groups such as ethoxy or propoxy. Methoxyphenethylamines may have additional substitutions as well. Many methoxyphenethylamines that have multiple methoxy groups in the 2- through 5-positions of the phenyl ring, for instance mescaline, 2C-B, TMA, DOM, and 25I-NBOMe, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and serotonergic psychedelics. Other methoxyphenethylamines, particularly monomethoxyamphetamines like ''para''-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), are monoamine releasing agents of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine, with stimulant and/or entactogen-related effects. Compounds closely related to methoxyphenethylamines include methylenedioxyphenethylamines (MDxx) like M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via insufflation (medicine), inhalation, drug injection, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption (skin), absorption via a dermal patch, patch on the skin, suppository, or sublingual administration, dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to pharmacotherapy, treat, cure, preventive healthcare, prevent, or medical diagnosis, diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Shulgin
Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin (June 17, 1925 – June 2, 2014) was an American biochemist, broad researcher of synthetic psychoactive compounds, and author of works regarding these, who independently explored the organic chemistry and pharmacology of such agents—in his mid-life and later, many through preparation in his home laboratory, and testing on himself. He is acknowledged to have introduced to broader use, in the late 1970s, the previously-synthesized compound MDMA ("ecstasy"), in research psychopharmacology and in combination with conventional therapy, the latter through presentations and academic publications, including to psychologists; and for the rediscovery, occasional discovery, and regular synthesis and personal use and distribution, of possibly hundreds of Psychoactive drug, psychoactive compounds (for their Psychedelic drug, psychedelic and MDMA-like empathogenic bioactivity, bioactivities). As such, Shulgin is seen both as a pioneering and a controversi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2C (psychedelics)
2C (2C-''x'') is a general name for the family of psychedelic drug, psychedelic substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamines containing Methoxy, methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 carbon, positions of a benzene ring. Most of these compounds also carry lipophilic substituents at the 4 position, usually resulting in more potent and more metabolism, metabolically stable and longer acting compounds. Most of the currently known 2C compounds were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in the 1970s and 1980s and published in his book ''PiHKAL'' (''Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved''). Shulgin also coined the term 2C, being an acronym for the 2 carbon atoms between the benzene ring and the amino group. 2C-B is the most popular of the 2C drugs. Use The 2C drugs are oral administration, orally active, are used at oral doses of 6 to 150mg depending on the drug, and have duration of action, durations of 3 to 48hours depending on the drug. However, many have doses in the range of 10 to 60mg an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimethoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine
Dimethoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA) may refer to: * 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA or DMMDA-1; 2,5-dimethoxy-MDA) * 2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-2; 5,6-dimethoxy-MDA) * 4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-3; 4,5-dimethoxy-ORTHO-MDA) * 2,6-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-4; 2,6-dimethoxy-MDA) * 4,6-Dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-5; 4,6-dimethoxy-ORTHO-MDA) * 2,3-Dimethoxy-5,6-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA-6; 5,6-dimethoxy-ORTHO-MDA) See also * Methoxymethylenedioxyamphetamine * Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * Pentamethoxyamphetamine Pentamethoxyamphetamine (PeMA), also known as 2,3,4,5,6-pentamethoxyamphetamine (2,3,4,5,6-PeMA), is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families related to the psychedelic drug mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). It ... {{Phenethylamines Methoxy compounds Methylenedio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyamphetamine
Tetramethoxyamphetamine (TeMA), or 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyamphetamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. Tetramethoxyamphetamine was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book '' PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved)'', the minimum dosage is listed as 50 mg, and the duration unknown. Tetramethoxyamphetamine produces a threshold, mydriasis, and a headache. Limited data exists about its pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity. See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine (TeMPEA) * 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (DMMDA or DMMDA-1) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug of the substituted amphetamine, amphetamine family related to MMDA (drug), MMDA. It was first chemical synthesis, synthesized by Alexander Shulgin ... (DMMDA) References External links Tetramethoxyamphetamine entry in ''PiHKAL''Tetramethoxyamphetamine e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine
2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyphenethylamine (TeMPEA) is a drug of the phenethylamine family related to mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) and the 2C drugs (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines). It was reported to be twice as potent as mescaline in producing behavioral changes in animals. However, it does not seem to have been tested in humans. The drug was not described in Alexander Shulgin's PiHKAL, though it was included in '' The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds''. A derivative is 2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyamphetamine (TeMA), which ''was'' included in PiHKAL, and was reported to be inactive in humans at the tested doses. See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine Methoxyphenethylamines (MPEAs), as well as methoxyamphetamines (MAs) in the case of the amphetamine (α-methylphenethylamine) homologues, are substituted phenethylamines with one or more methoxy groups. In some cases, one or more of the methoxy ... References Ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as "the literature" within specific research fields. The process of academic publishing involves disseminating research findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as peer review, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors. Original scientific research first published in scientific journals co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Phenethylamine
Substituted phenethylamines (or simply phenethylamines) are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative (chemistry), derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substitution reaction, substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents. Phenylethylamines are also generally found to be central nervous system stimulants with many also being entactogens/empathogens, and hallucinogens. Structural classification The structural formula of any substituted phenethylamine contains a phenyl group, phenyl ring that is joined to an amino group, amino (NH) group via a two-carbon substituent, sidechain. Hence, any substituted phenethylamine can be classified according to the substitution of hydrogen atom, hydrogen (H) atoms on phenethylamine's phenyl ring, sidechain, or amino group with a moiety (chemistry), specific group of at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek ''pharmakon'' "drug" and ''kinetikos'' "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. It attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and to discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. Pharmacokinetics is based on mathematical modeling that places great emphasis on the relationship between drug plasma concentration and the time elapsed since the drug's administration. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects the drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conditioned Avoidance Response Test
The conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, also known as the active avoidance test, is an animal test used to identify drugs with antipsychotic-like effects. It is most commonly employed as a two-way active avoidance test with rodents. The test assesses the conditioned ability of an animal to avoid an unpleasant stimulus. Drugs that selectively suppress conditioned avoidance responses without affecting escape behavior are considered to have antipsychotic-like activity. Variations of the test, like testing for enhancement of avoidance and escape responses, have also been used to assess other drug effects, like pro-motivational and antidepressant-like effects. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, like most classical antipsychotics, are active in the CAR test once occupancy of the dopamine D2 receptor reaches around 70%. Dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists like aripiprazole are likewise active in the test. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonists can enhance suppression of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
