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Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu
Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu, also known as Pedda Timmanayudu or Yara Timmanayudu, was a member of the Pemmasani Nayaks in the 16th century Vijayanagara Empire in South India. He is credited for the rise of Rama Raya to the throne of Vijayanagara, and he was the commandant of the Gandikota Fort. His brother was the notable Commander Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu. Biography Erra Timmanayudu was born to Timmanayudu II and Machamma. According to ''kaifiyat'' of Tadipatri, he succeeded to the estates of his father during the reign of Achyutadevaraya. Like his father, Erra became the commandant of the Gandikota Fort, which at that time was an ''amaram'' of the Nandyala chiefs. Given the resources at his disposal as the Gandikota commandant, Erra was in a strong position to influence the affairs of Vijayanagara. Erra seems to have started his career during the reign of Achyutadevaraya, and he played a very active role in Vijayanagara politics following the death of Achyutadevaraya, espec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pemmasani Nayaks
The Pemmasani Nayaks were a prominent Telugu Hindu warrior clan who rose to power in the 14th century, primarily controlling Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh. They belonged to the Kamma community. They initially served the Kakatiya dynasty and later aligned with the Vijayanagara Empire around 1370 CE, following the decline of the Musunuri Nayaks in Warangal. They were instrumental in the defense and expansion of the Vijayanagara Empire. They commanded large mercenary armies that formed the vanguard of Vijayanagara’s forces during the 16th century. Their stronghold was Gandikota on the Pennar River, significantly fortified by Pemmasani Thimma Nayudu, who transformed it into a key military bastion. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was a leading commander under Krishnadevaraya. The Pemmasanis played a critical role in the civil war following Krishnadevaraya’s death. Rama Raya and the Aravidu dynasty rose to power following a civil war, largely because of the support of Pemmasani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Kingdom, was a late medieval Hinduism, Hindu empire that ruled much of southern India. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, belonging to the Yadava clan of Lunar dynasty, Chandravamsa lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Muslim invasions of India, Muslim invasions by the end of the 13th century. At its peak in the early 16th century under Krishnadevaraya, it subjugated almost all of Southern India's ruling dynasties and pushed the Deccan sultanates beyond the Tungabhadra River, Tungabhadra-Krishna River, Krishna River doab region, in addition to annexing the Gajapati Empire (Odisha) up to the Krishna River, becoming one of the most prominent states in India. The empire's territory covered most of the lands of the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, and some pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South India
South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula in India encompassing the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area () and 20% of India's population. It is bound by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse, with two mountain ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Penna, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas in the region. The majority of the people in South India speak at least one of the four major Dravidian languages: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled ove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rama Raya (statesman)
Aliya Rama Raya (1484 – 23 January 1565) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law (Aliya in Kannada) of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire, the fourth and last dynasty of the empire. As a regent, he was the ''de facto'' ruler of the empire from 1542 to 1565, although legally the emperor during this period was Sadasiva Raya, who was merely a puppet ruler. Rama Raya was killed at the Battle of Talikota, after which the Vijayanagara Empire fragmented into several semi-independent principalities paying only nominal allegiance to the empire. Early life and career Rama Raya was born into a Telugu family. His mother, Abbaladevi, was the daughter of a chieftain in Nandyala. The Aravidu family, to which Rama Raya belonged, was native to South Andhra. Rama Raya and his younger brother, Tirumala Deva Raya, were sons-in-law of the Vijayanagara emperor Krishna Deva Raya. He is referred to as Aliya Rama Raya ("Aliya" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gandikota
Gandikota is a village and historical fort on the right bank of the Penna river, 15 km from Jammalamadugu in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The fort was the centre of power for various dynasties, such as the Kalyani Chalukyas, Pemmasani Nayakas, and the Golconda Sultanate. Initially, a sand fort was constructed by Kaka Raja, a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukya rulers. The village transformed into a major fortified settlement with the rise of the Pemmasani Nayakas. Later, various additions reflecting Islamic architectural styles were made during the period of Muslim rule. The fort is a centrally protected monument of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Etymology The fort of Gandikota acquired its name due to the 'gorge', formed between the Erramala range of hills, also known as Gandikota hills and the river Penna (Pennar) that flows at its foot, reducing its width to a mere 100 m (look for the river image in the montage/main image). Geology Gandikota can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu
Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu was an army commander of a Vijayanagara military unit. An inscription dated to 1544 CE, which was found in Tallaproddatu, states that Pemmasani Ramalinga enjoyed the ''nayankara'' (feudal control) of the village. Phillip B. Wagoner who analysed 17th century Telugu text ''Rayavachakamu'' noted that it is not known whether Ramalinga Nayudu served Krishnadeva Raya or some later ruler. Ramalinga was named as a commander and 'chief general' of the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya () in ''Rayavachakamu'', and a later poetic rendition ''Krishnarajavijayam''. According to ''Rayavachakamu'', he was an army commander of a Vijayanagara military unit comprising nearly 80,000 soldiers. He was mentioned as a commander for the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya at a certain 'Battle with the Turks'. Historian Venkataramanayya identified the battle as the one fought at Devni or Dewani (unidentified) in 1509–1510, within a year of Krishnadevaraya's accession. Bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pemmasani Timmanayudu II
Pemmasani Timmanayudu II was a member of the Pemmasani Nayaks. He was the son of Pemmasani Ramalinga I and a contemporary of Vira Narasimharaya and Krishnadevaraya. After the death of his father, Timmanayudu went to inform the Vijayanagara Emperor of the progress made in developing the Rayalaseema region. The emperor was so pleased with what he heard that he made Timmanayudu the commandant of the Gandikota Fort on behalf of Saluva Govindaraja, its governor. Then, Timmanayudu gave control of Yadiki and Tadipatri, which were previously controlled by his ancestors, to a relative and shifted to Gandikota. Timmanayudu strengthened Gandikota Fort, and he administered Gandikota ''sima.'' The ''kaifiyat'' of Tadipatri states that the Madhwa teacher Vysaraja passed through the estates of Timmanayudu while on his pilgrimage to Rameswaram. Vysaraja appointed a Madhawa archaka in a temple near Tadipatri. While Timmanayudu was at Gandikota, his deputies continued developing Tadipatri and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaifiyat
A ''Kaifiyat'' is a historical record, especially about a village or a town, from the Deccan region of India. Compiled in 18th and 19th centuries by village accountants, based on earlier records, the ''kaifiyats'' are a valuable source of local history. Many of them are part of the ''Mackenzie Manuscripts'' compiled by Colin Mackenzie and his assistants during 1780-1820. Etymology The word ''kaifiyat'' is of Arabic origin, and comes to India from Persian, which was the official language of the Deccan sultanates. Depending on the context, it has various meanings including "circumstances, account, statement, report, particulars, story, and news." By the late 18th century, the word had entered the Telugu vocabulary, and meant "village account". Among scholars, the term became popular when Colin Mackenzie's project to compile rural archives used it to describe the compiled village histories. History The ''kaifiyats'' are written in multiple scripts and languages, including Tel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achyuta Deva Raya
Achyuta Deva Raya (r. 1529 - 1542 CE) was a emperor of Vijayanagara who succeeded his older brother, Krishnadevaraya, after the latter's death in 1529 CE. During his reign, Fernao Nuniz, a Portuguese-Jewish traveller, chronicler and horse trader visited India and spent three years in Vijayanagara. Achyutaraya patronised the Kannada poet Chatu Vittalanatha, the great composer and singer Purandaradasa, one of the major proponents of Carnatic music, and the Sanskrit scholar Rajanatha Dindima II. Upon his death, the succession was disputed. His son Venkata I succeeded him but ruled for a very short period and was killed in a chaotic succession dispute in which many claimants to the throne were killed. The dispute ended when his nephew, (younger brother's son) Sadasiva Raya, finally became the emperor while yet a child, under the regency of Rama Raya, a son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya. His wife's name was probably Varadambika. Sadasiva Raya was probably the son of Varadambika's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chintalarayaswami Temple
Chintalarayaswamy Temple or Sri Chintala Venkataramana Temple is a Hindu Vaishnavite temple situated at Tadipatri, a town in the Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Temple is dedicated to Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu, who is referred to as Chintala Venkataramana. The temple was built by Pemmasani Timmanayudu II of the Pemmasani Nayaks. It is situated on the bank of the Penna River, which passes through the town. The temple has granite sculptures and is classified as one of the Monuments of National Importance by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The temple has a ''Garuda Mandapa'' built as chariot with rotating granite wheels, which is similar to the one found in the Vithala Temple of Hampi. Etymology According to legend, the presiding deity Venkateswara was found in the Tamarind (Telugu: Chinta) tree and hence got the name Chintala Venkataramana. History The Temple was built during the reign of Vijayanagara empire in mid 16th Century by Pemmasani Timmanayudu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Talikota
The Battle of Talikota was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates. The battle resulted in the defeat and death of Rama Raya, the ''de facto'' ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, set forth the collapse of the Vijayanagara polity and reconfigured South Indian and Deccan politics. The specific details of the battle and its immediate aftermath are notoriously difficult to reconstruct in light of the distinctly contrarian narratives present across primary sources. The defeat in this battle is usually blamed on the gap in relative military prowess of the combatants. Orientalist and nationalist historians claimed the battle as part of a clash of civilizations between Hindus and Muslims. Contemporary scholars reject such characterizations as flawed. Background Rama Raya, after his installation of a patrimonial state and emerging as the ruler, adopted a political strategy of benefiting from the internecine warfare among the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telugu People
Telugu people (), also called Āndhras, are an Ethnolinguistic group, ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language, Telugu language and are native to the India, Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry. They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian peoples, Dravidian linguistic groups. Telugu is the Languages of India, fourth most spoken language in India and the List of languages by number of native speakers, 14th most spoken native language in the world.Statistics in A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Orissa, and Maharashtra. Members of the Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like Telugu Americans, United States, Indian Australians, Australia, Malaysian Telugu, Malaysia, Mauritius, United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
