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Peace Of Lodi
The Treaty of Lodi, or Peace of Lodi, was a peace agreement to put an end to the Wars in Lombardy between the Venetian Republic and the Duchy of Milan, signed in the city of Lodi on 9 April 1454. The historical relevance of the treaty lies in having guaranteed the Italian Peninsula 40 years of stable peace, consequently favoring the artistic and literary flowering of the Renaissance. Political background After the death of the Duke of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447, the Golden Ambrosian Republic was proclaimed in Milan. The rulers decided to entrust the defense of the newborn state to Francesco I Sforza. The latter, after three years, proclaimed himself duke of Milan. In fact, for some time Venice had not abandoned its ambitions to expand into Lombardy and thus forged an alliance with Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, and the emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, against Francesco Sforza and his allies. But the fall of Constantinople endangered the safety of the Ven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Milan
The Duchy of Milan (; ) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti of Milan, Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277. At that time, it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Padan Plain east of the Montferrat, hills of Montferrat. During much of its existence, it was wedged between House of Savoy, Savoy to the west, Republic of Venice to the east, the Old Swiss Confederacy, Swiss Confederacy to the north, and separated from the Mediterranean by the Republic of Genoa to the south. The duchy was at its largest at the beginning of the 15th century, at which time it included almost all of what is now Lombardy and parts of what are now Piedmont, Veneto, Tuscany, and Emilia-Romagna. Under the House of Sforza, Milan experienced a period of great prosperity with the introduction of the silk industry, becoming one of the wealthiest states during the Ren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paolo Barbo (1416–1462)
Paolo Barbo (1416–1462) was a Venetian patrician, diplomat and statesman. An educated Renaissance humanism, humanist of the well connected Barbo family, Barbo and Condulmer families, he was the nephew of Pope Eugene IV and the brother of Pope Paul II. Life Born in 1416, Paolo was the eldest son of Niccolò Barbo and Polissena Condulmer. His maternal uncle was Pope Eugene IV, while his younger brother Pietro became Pope Paul II. In his early education, he was a companion of Andrea Fiocchi. In 1433, Eugene granted part of Ragogna to him in fief. In 1434, he married a daughter of a Ventimiglia family, lord of Ventimiglia, the widow of Giacopuzzo Caldira. In 1448, he married a daughter of Maffeo Soranzo. He was presented to the Great Council of Venice for the ' on 10 December 1434. Paolo served his uncle as a soldier, being Papal knight, knighted for his services in 1439. In 1441, he was granted the county of Albi, Calabria, Albi, but soon lost it to the Colonna family, Colonnas. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Westphalian Sovereignty
The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each State (polity), state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory. The principle developed in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, based on the state theory of Jean Bodin and the natural law teachings of Hugo Grotius. It underlies the modern International relations, international system of sovereign states and is enshrined in the United Nations Charter, which states that "nothing ... shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state." According to the principle, every state, no matter how large or small, has an equal right to sovereignty. Political scientists have traced the concept to the eponymous peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The principle of non-interference was further developed in the 18th century. The Westphalian sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balance Of Power (international Relations)
The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others. If one state becomes much stronger, the theory predicts it will take advantage of its weaker neighbors, thereby driving them to unite in a defensive coalition. Some realists maintain that a balance-of-power system is more stable than one with a dominant state, as aggression is unprofitable when there is equilibrium of power between rival coalitions. When threatened, states may seek safety either by ''balancing'', allying with others against the prevailing threat; or '' bandwagoning'', aligning themselves with the threatening power. Other alliance tactics include ''buck passing'' and ''chain-ganging''. Realists have long debated how the polarity of a system impacts the choice of tactics; however, it is generally agreed that in bipolar systems, each great power has no choice but to direct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peschiera Del Garda
Peschiera del Garda (; ; , ''Arilica'') is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Verona, in Veneto, Italy. When Lombardy-Venetia was under Austrian rule, Peschiera was the northwest anchor of the four fortified towns constituting the Quadrilatero. The fortress is on an island in the river Mincio at its outlet from Lake Garda. The town is encircled by massive Venetian defensive systems that have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017. History Roman Ardelica was a town of Gallia Transpadana that occupied the site of the modern Peschiera del Garda, at the southeast angle of the Lacus Benacus ( Lago di Garda), just where the Mincius (modern Mincio) issued from the lake. The name is found under the corrupted form Ariolica in the Tabula Peutingeriana, which correctly places it between Brixia and Verona; the true form is preserved by inscriptions, of which one says that it was a trading place, with a corporation of ship-owners, ''collegium naviculariorum Ardelicens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lonato Del Garda
Lonato del Garda (before 1 July 2007 simply Lonato; , ) is a town and municipality () in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy, northern Italy. Lonato is located about halfway between Milan and Venice, on the southwest shore of Lake Garda, the biggest lake in Italy. Neighbouring communities are Castiglione delle Stiviere, Desenzano del Garda, Calcinato, Bedizzole, Calvagese della Riviera, Padenghe sul Garda, Pozzolengo, Montichiari, Solferino. The town is a holiday destination due to its scenic lakeside location about from the lake and its numerous historical and artistic monuments and museums, prehistoric sites ( pile dwellings), Roman ruins, Medieval castle, Baroque churches and modern museums. History The area of Lonato del Garda, located on the morainic hills southwest of Lake Garda, has been inhabited since the Bronze Age. Early human settlements were established on pile dwellings (palafitte), as confirmed by archaeological discoveries in the peat bogs of Polada, Lava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asola, Lombardy
Asola ( Upper Mantovano: ) is a comune in the province of Mantua, Lombardy (northern Italy). It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree of October 23, 1951. In 1516, when it was part of the Republic of Venice, it was unsuccessfully besieged by the troops of the Austrian Maximilian I. The event is portrayed in a painting by Tintoretto, '' The Siege of Asola''. The local civic museum is titled Museo Civico Goffredo Bellini. Physical geography The comune is traditionally referred to as belonging to the territory of Alto Mantovano, the area of the province of Mantua located north of the provincial capital close to the morainic amphitheater of Lake Garda. It borders the province of Brescia to the west, and is located at an altitude of above sea level. It lies halfway between Mantua and Cremona, from which it is about , while it is about from Brescia. Anthropic geography Post-Risorgimento urban development has kept the elegance of the town center intact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italic League
The Italic League or Most Holy League was an international agreement concluded in Venice on 30 August 1454, between the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples, following the Treaty of Lodi a few months previously. The next forty years were marked by peace and economic expansion based on a balance of power within Italy. The decline of the League brought about the Italian Wars. Background In the first half of the 15th century, the larger Italian powers had been consolidating their territories, with Duchy of Savoy, Savoy expanding towards the Ligurian Sea, Ligurian Coast, Venice focusing on ' while the ' was threatened by Ottoman Empire, Turkish expansion, Milan expanding southwards (and, even after the dismembering of the empire after Gian Galeazzo Visconti's death, retaining the bulk of Lombardy), the Florentines having gained most of Tuscany and the Papal States having begun an expansion in central Italy that wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Este
The House of Este ( , , ) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries. The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia ( Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor ( Otto IV). The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803. Origins According to Edward Gibbon, the family originated from the Roman Attii family, which migrated from Rome to EsteThe miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon Vol 3 page 172 to defend Italy against the Ostrogoths. However, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis. The names of the early members of the family indicate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Gonzaga
The House of Gonzaga (, ) is an Italian princely family that ruled Mantua in Lombardy, northern Italy from 1328 to 1708 (first as a captaincy-general, then Margraviate of Mantua, margraviate, and finally Duchy of Mantua, duchy). They also ruled Monferrato in Piedmont and Nevers in Kingdom of France, France, as well as many other lesser fiefs throughout Europe. The family includes a Aloysius Gonzaga, saint, twelve Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinals and fourteen bishops. Two Gonzaga descendants became empresses of the Holy Roman Empire (Eleonora Gonzaga (1598–1655), Eleonora Gonzaga and Eleonora Gonzaga (1630–1686), Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers), and one became Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Marie Louise Gonzaga). History The first members of the family of historical importance are known to have collaborated with the Guelphs and Ghibellines, Guelph faction alongside the monks of the Polirone Abbey. Starting from the 12th cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of Genoa
The Republic of Genoa ( ; ; ) was a medieval and early modern Maritime republics, maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italy, Italian coast. During the Late Middle Ages, it was a major commercial power in both the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, it was one of the major financial centres of Europe. Throughout its history, the Genoese Republic established Genoese colonies, numerous colonies throughout the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, including Corsica from 1347 to 1768, Monaco, Gazaria (Genoese colonies), Southern Crimea from 1266 to 1475, and the islands of Lesbos and Chios from the 14th century to 1462 and 1566, respectively. With the arrival of the early modern period, the Republic had lost many of its colonies, and shifted its focus to banking. This was successful for Genoa, which remained a hub of capitalism, with highly developed banks and trading companies. Genoa was known as ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Savoy
The House of Savoy (, ) is a royal house (formally a dynasty) of Franco-Italian origin that was established in 1003 in the historical region of Savoy, which was originally part of the Kingdom of Burgundy and now lies mostly within southeastern France. Through gradual expansions, the family grew in power, first ruling the County of Savoy, a small Alpine county northwest of Italy, and later gaining absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily. During the years 1713 to 1720, they were handed the Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720), Kingdom of Sardinia and would exercise direct rule from then onward as Piedmont–Sardinia, which was the legal predecessor state of the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn is the predecessor of the present-day History of the Italian Republic, Italian Republic. From rule of a region on the French–Italian border, by the time of the abolition of monarchy in Italy, the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of the Italian peninsula. Through its junior branch of Sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
