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Pacer (protein)
Pacer (also known as Rubicon-like) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUBCNL gene. Pacer has been shown to increase cellular autophagy through regulation of PI3KC3. Pacer contains a Rubicon homology (RH) domain at its C-terminus, which mediates binding to small GTPase Rab7 when Rab7 is phosphorylated following mitochondrial damage. This domain is shared with RH domain containing family members Rubicon and PLEKHM1. Whereas Pacer appears to upregulate autophagic activity, Rubicon is a negative regulator of autophagy Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Greek language, Greek , , meaning "self-devouring" and , , meaning "hollow") is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-depe .... References Further reading * * * * * {{gene-13-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autophagy
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Greek language, Greek , , meaning "self-devouring" and , , meaning "hollow") is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components. Although initially characterized as a primordial degradation pathway induced to protect against starvation, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy also plays a major role in the homeostasis of non-starved cells. Defects in autophagy have been linked to various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer, and interest in modulating autophagy as a potential treatment for these diseases has grown rapidly. Four forms of autophagy have been identified: macroautophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and crinophagy. In macroautophagy (the most thoroughly researched form of autophagy), cytoplasmic components ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PIK3C3
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 is an enzyme subunit that in humans is encoded by the ''PIK3C3'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... It's a class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-18-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rubicon Homology Domain
The Rubicon homology domain (also known as RH domain) is an evolutionarily conserved protein domain of approximately 250 amino acids that mediates protein–protein interaction. RH domains are present in several human proteins involved in regulation of autophagy and endosomal trafficking. While not all RH domains have been characterized, those of human Rubicon and PLEKHM1 mediate interaction with the small GTPase Rab7, which is found on late endosomes and autophagosomes. RH domains contain 16 conserved cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc atoms and form at least 4 zinc finger motifs. Amino acid residues toward the C-terminus of the RH domain of Rubicon have been shown to be essential for interaction with Rab7. Structure The 3D atomic structure of the Rubicon RH domain in complex with Rab7 has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the RH domain has an "L" shape, with the base of the "L" making contact with the switch regions of Rab7. The struc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAB7A
Ras-related protein Rab-7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB7A'' gene. Ras-related protein Rab-7a is involved in endocytosis, which is a process that brings substances into a cell. The process of endocytosis works by folding the cell membrane around a substance outside of the cell (for example a protein) and then forms a Vesicle (biology and chemistry), vesicle. The vesicle is then brought into the cell and cleaved from the cell membrane. RAB7A plays an important role in the movement of vesicles into the cell as well as with vesicle trafficking. Various mutations of RAB7A are associated with HSAN Type I, Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1C (HSN IC), also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome type 2B (CMT2B). Function Members of the Rab (G-protein), RAB family of RAS-related GTP-binding proteins are important regulators of vesicular transport and are located in specific intracellular compartments. RAB7 has been localized to lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rubicon (protein)
Rubicon (run domain BECN1, Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUBCN gene. Rubicon is one of the few known negative regulators of autophagy, a cellular process that degrades unnecessary or damaged cellular components. Rubicon is recruited to its sites of action through interaction with the small GTPase RAB7A, Rab7, and impairs the autophagosome-lysosome fusion step of autophagy through inhibition of PIK3C3, PI3KC3-C2 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex 2). Negative modulation of Rubicon is associated with reduction of Ageing, aging and aging-associated diseases: knockout of Rubicon increases lifespan in roundworms and female fruit flies, and in mice decreases kidney fibrosis and Alpha-synuclein, α-synuclein accumulation. In addition to regulation of autophagy, Rubicon has been shown to be required for LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and LC3-associated endocytosis (LANDO). Rubicon has also b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLEKHM1
Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 also known as PLEKHM1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PLEKHM1'' gene. Function PLEKHM1 may have critical function in vesicular transport in osteoclasts. PLEKHM1 contains a C-terminal Rubicon Homology (RH) domain, which mediates interaction with small GTPase Rab7. This domain is shared with family RH domain containing family members Rubicon and Pacer, which are autophagy regulators. Clinical significance Mutations in the PLEKHM1 gene are associated with osteopetrosis Osteopetrosis, literally , also known as marble bone disease or Albers-Schönberg disease, is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which ... OPTB6. References Further reading * * * * * * * {{gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
