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PE Scope
The PE scope (Russian: Винтовочный оптический прицел образца 1931 г. or ПЕ, often called Прицел Емельянова, or Yemelyanov's sight or Прицел Единый or Standard sight) is a family of Soviet telescopic sights, used from 1930s onwards on Mosin-Nagant sniper rifles, as well as SVT and AVS rifles. It was later superseded by PU scope. History The sight was developed by LOMO (back then called All-Union Association of Optical-Mechanical Industry) to replace the PT optical sight; The main goal of modernization was the introduction of mechanisms for horizontal and vertical corrections. Approval for gross production at plant No. 19 took place on November 13, 1931, the PE code was assigned by order from May 13, 1933. During 1932, the PE sight system underwent several changes, mainly to the adjustment unit and to the shape of the lens tube. By the beginning of 1933, development of the PE design was completed, and there were s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lens Speed
Lens speed is the maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger than average maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is called a "fast lens" because it can achieve the same exposure as an average lens with a faster shutter speed. Conversely, a smaller maximum aperture (larger minimum f-number) is "slow" because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower (longer) shutter speed. A fast lens speed is desirable in taking pictures in dim light, for stability with long telephoto lenses, and for controlling depth of field and bokeh, especially in portrait photography, as well as for sports photography and photojournalism. Lenses may also be referred to as being "faster" or "slower" than one another; so an 3.5 lens can be described as faster than an 5.6 despite 3.5 not generally being considered "fast" outright. What ''is'' considered fast largely depends on focal length, image diameter (i.e. format covered, such a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Field Of View
The field of view (FOV) is the angle, angular extent of the observable world that is visual perception, seen at any given moment. In the case of optical instruments or sensors, it is a solid angle through which a detector is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation. It is further relevant in ''angle of view, photography''. Humans and animals In the context of human and primate vision, the term "field of view" is typically only used in the sense of a restriction to what is visible by external apparatus, like when wearing spectacles or virtual reality goggles. Note that eye movements are allowed in the definition but do not change the field of view when understood this way. If the analogy of the eye's retina working as a sensor is drawn upon, the corresponding concept in human (and much of animal vision) is the visual field. It is defined as "the number of degrees of visual angle during stable fixation of the eyes".Strasburger, Hans; Pöppel, Ernst (2002). Visual Field. In G. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carl Zeiss AG
Zeiss ( ; ) is a German manufacturer of optical systems and optoelectronics, founded in Jena, Germany, in 1846 by optician Carl Zeiss. Together with Ernst Abbe (joined 1866) and Otto Schott (joined 1884) he laid the foundation for today's multinational company. The current company emerged from a reunification of Carl Zeiss companies in East and West Germany with a consolidation phase in the 1990s. ZEISS is active in four business segments with approximately equal revenue (Industrial Quality and Research, Medical Technology, Consumer Markets and Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology) in almost 50 countries, has 30 production sites and around 25 development sites worldwide. Carl Zeiss AG is the holding of all subsidiaries within Zeiss Group, of which Carl Zeiss Meditec AG is the only one that is traded at the stock market. Carl Zeiss AG is owned by the foundation Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung. The Zeiss Group has its headquarters in southern Germany, in the small town of Oberkochen, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (''elements''), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses. Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia. History The word '' lens'' comes from , the Latin name of the lentil (a seed of a lentil p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tula, Russia
Tula (, ) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast in Russia, located south of Moscow. Tula is located in the northern Central Russian Upland on the banks of the Upa (river), Upa River, a tributary of the Oka (river), Oka. At the Russian Census (2010), 2010 census, Tula had a population of 501,169, an increase from 481,216 in 2002, making it the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, 32nd-largest city in Russia by population.A primarily industrial types of inhabited localities in Russia, city, Tula was a fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. The city was seized by Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606 during the Time of Troubles and withstood a four-month siege by the Tsar's army. Historically, Tula has been a major centre for the manufacture of Weapon, armaments. The Demidov family built the first armament factory in Russia in the city, in what would become the Tula Arms Plant, which still operates to this day. Tula is home to the Klokovo (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet Union, it dissolved in 1991. During its existence, it was the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country by area, extending across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and sharing Geography of the Soviet Union#Borders and neighbors, borders with twelve countries, and the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country. An overall successor to the Russian Empire, it was nominally organized as a federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR. In practice, Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, economy were Soviet-type economic planning, highly centralized. As a one-party state go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) secret police organization, and thus had a monopoly on intelligence and state security functions. The NKVD is known for carrying out political repression and the Great Purge under Joseph Stalin, as well as counterintelligence and other operations on the Eastern Front of World War II. The head of the NKVD was Genrikh Yagoda from 1934 to 1936, Nikolai Yezhov from 1936 to 1938, Lavrentiy Beria from 1938 to 1946, and Sergei Kruglov in 1946. First established in 1917 as the NKVD of the Russian SFSR, the ministry was tasked with regular police work and overseeing the country's prisons and labor camps. It was disbanded in 1930, and its functions dispersed among other agencies before being reinstated as a commissariat of the Soviet Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast
Krasnogorsk (, ) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnogorsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Moskva River, adjacent to the northwestern boundary of Moscow. It has a population of History An urban-type settlement was established here in 1932, to which town status was granted in 1940. In the 1940s, the Antifascist Central School, in which many foreign Communists studied and lectured, was located at Krasnogorsk. After the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, Krasnogrsk became the birthplace of The National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD), an organization of German exiles living in the Soviet Union. Many members of this organization would play a role in the establishment of the German Democratic Republic and its military. After the war, the German V2 rocket scientists whom the Soviet Army had captured were taken here with their families for sharashka work. 2024 terror attack On 22 March 2024, terrorists opened fire and detonated explosives in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AVS-36
The AVS-36 (; ''Avtomaticheskaya vintovka Simonova obraztsa 1936 goda (AVS-36)''; "''Automatic rifle Simonov model 1936 (AVS-36)''") was a Soviet automatic rifle which saw service in the early years of World War II. It was among the early selective fire infantry rifles (capable of both semi and full-automatic fire) formally adopted for military service. History Origins The designer, Sergei Simonov, began his work on a gas-operated self-loading rifle in 1930. The first prototype was ready in 1931 and appeared promising. Three years later a trial batch of an improved design was made. In 1935, a competition between Simonov's design and a rifle made by Fedor Tokarev was held. The Simonov rifle emerged as the winner and was accepted into service as the AVS-36. The AVS-36 was first seen in public in the 1938 May Day parade in Moscow, when it was displayed by the marching 1st Rifle Division. The American public became aware of it when it was covered in the August 1942 issue of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)
Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev ( rus, Васи́лий Григо́рьевич За́йцев, p=vɐˈsʲilʲɪj ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ ˈzajtsɨf; 23 March 1915 – 15 December 1991) was a Soviet sniper who served in World War II. Between 22 September 1942 and 19 October 1942, he killed 40 enemy soldiers. Between 10 October 1942 and 17 December 1942, during the Battle of Stalingrad, he killed 225 enemy soldiers. Zaitsev became a celebrated figure during the war and later a Hero of the Soviet Union, and he remains lauded for his skills as a sniper. His life and military career have been the subject of several books and films: his exploits, as detailed in William Craig's 1973 book '' Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad'', served as the story for the 2001 film ''Enemy at the Gates'', with Jude Law portraying Zaitsev. He is also featured in David L. Robbins's 1999 historical novel '' War of the Rats''. Early life Zaitsev was born in Yeleninskoye, Orenburg Governorate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
