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Oxazolone
Oxazolone is a chemical compound and functional group, with the molecular formula C3H3NO2. It was named in-line with the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature and is part of a large family of oxazole based compounds. There are a total of 5 structural isomers of oxazolone; 3 according to the location of the carbonyl group and 2 more according to the location of the double bond C=X (with X= N or C): *2-(3''H'')oxazolone *2-(5''H'')oxazolone *4-(5''H'')-oxazolone *5-(2''H'')-oxazolone *5-(4''H'')-oxazolone The 4-oxazolone motif, which is also formally a lactam, is present in a number of drugs (fenozolone, thozalinone, cyclazodone, reclazepam etc.). Substituted 5-oxazolones may also be regarded as the cyclization products of ''N''-acyl α-amino acids, making them lactones, and are sometimes referred to as azlactones. See also * Münchnone * Oxazole * Oxazolidone — the saturated analogues References {{reflist Oxazolones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclazodone
Cyclazodone is a centrally acting stimulant Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, ... drug developed by American Cyanamid Company in the 1960s. The drug is related to other drugs such as pemoline and thozalinone. It displayed a favorable therapeutic index and margin of safety in comparison to pemoline and other N-lower-alkyl-substituted pemoline derivatives. The patents concluded that cyclazodone possessed properties efficacious in reducing fatigue and as a potential anorectic. Structural congeners of pemoline have been described as "excitants with unique properties distinguishing them from the sympathomimetic amines" whilst displaying less stimulatory activity and toxicity compared to amphetamine. It is included under the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. Sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxazole
Oxazole is the parent compound for a vast class of heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds. These are azoles with an oxygen and a nitrogen separated by one carbon. Oxazoles are aromatic compounds but less so than the thiazoles. Oxazole is a weak base; its conjugate acid has a pKa, p''K''a of 0.8, compared to 7 for imidazole. Preparation The classic synthetic route the Robinson–Gabriel synthesis by dehydration of 2-acylaminoketones: The Fischer oxazole synthesis from cyanohydrins and aldehydes is also widely used: Other methods are known including the reaction of α-haloketones and formamide and the Van Leusen reaction with aldehydes and TosMIC. Biosynthesis In biomolecules, oxazoles result from the cyclization and oxidation of serine or threonine nonribosomal peptides: : Oxazoles are not as abundant in biomolecules as the related thiazoles with oxygen replaced by a sulfur atom. Reactions With a pKa of 0.8 for the conjugate acid (oxazolium salts), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Münchnone
Münchnone (synonyms: 1,3-oxazolium-5-oxide; 1,3-oxazolium-5-olate; anhydro-5-hydroxy-1,3-oxazolium hydroxide; 5-hydroxy-1,3-oxazolium hydroxide, inner salt; oxido-oxazolium) is a mesoionic heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound, with the molecular formula C3H3NO2. The name refers to the city of Munich, Germany (), where the compound and its derivatives were first discovered and studied. Synthesis and reactivity The first preparation of a münchnone derivative was reported in 1959 by Lawson & Miles by cyclodehydration of 2-pyridone-''N''-acetic acid with acetic anhydride. The azomethine ylide reactivity of münchnones, and their reaction with alkynes in the synthesis of pyrroles, was first published by Rolf Huisgen, Huisgen et al. The Huisgen group followed up with a thorough investigation of the chemical properties, reactivity, and utility of münchnones towards the synthesis of many other products. As such, they are typically credited for the discovery o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactones
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated. Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids. Nomenclature Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH and the -COOH groups along said backbone. The first carbon atom after the carbon in the -COOH group on the parent compound is labelled α, the second will be labeled β, and so forth. Therefore, the prefixes also indicate the size of the lactone ring: α-lactone = 3-membered ring, β-lactone = 4-membered, γ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amino Acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. Amino acids can be classified according to the locations of the core structural functional groups ( alpha- , beta- , gamma- amino acids, etc.); other categories relate to polarity, ionization, and side-chain group type ( aliphatic, acyclic, aromatic, polar, etc.). In the form of proteins, amino-acid '' residues'' form the second-largest component (water being the largest) of human muscles and other tissues. Beyond their role as residues in proteins, amino acids participate in a number of processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. It is thought that they played a key role in enabling life on Earth and its emergence. Amino acids are formally named by the IUPAC- IUBMB Joint Commi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acyl
In chemistry, an acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, including inorganic acids. It contains a double-bonded oxygen atom and an organyl group () or hydrogen in the case of formyl group (). In organic chemistry, the acyl group (IUPAC name alkanoyl if the organyl group is alkyl) is usually derived from a carboxylic acid, in which case it has the formula , where R represents an organyl group or hydrogen. Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids and phosphonic acids. In the most common arrangement, acyl groups are attached to a larger molecular fragment, in which case the carbon and oxygen atoms are linked by a double bond. Reactivity trends There are five main types of acyl derivatives. Acid halides are the most reactive towards nucleophiles, followed by anhydrides, esters, and amides. Carboxylate ions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reclazepam
Reclazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by other benzodiazepine derivatives, and has a short duration of action. See also *Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially known as "benzos", are a class of central nervous system (CNS) depressant, depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed t ... References Benzodiazepines Chloroarenes Oxazolones 2-Chlorophenyl compounds {{sedative-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thozalinone
Thozalinone (United States Adopted Name, USAN) (brand name Stimsen; former developmental code name CL-39808) is a psychostimulant that has been used as an antidepressant in Europe. It has also been clinical trial, trialed as an anorectic. Thozalinone is described as a "dopaminergic stimulant", and likely acts via inducing the releasing agent, release of dopamine and to a minimal extent norepinephrine; similar to chemical analogue, analogue pemoline, it is reportedly devoid of abuse potential unlike other dopaminergic psychostimulants. Synthesis Sodium hydride is used as a strong base to abstract the alcohol proton in ethyl mandelate [774-40-3] (1); addition of the oxyanion to dimethylcyanamide [1467-79-4] gives the intermediate (2). Intramolecular cyclization then occurs giving Thozalinone (3). Notes *In treatment of Parkinsonism: W. D. Gray, C. E. Edward, (1972 to Am. Cyanamid). *Pharmacological studies: See also * Fenozolone References {{Monoamine releasing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is any substituent or moiety (chemistry), moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. This enables systematic prediction of chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and the design of chemical synthesis. The Reactivity (chemistry), reactivity of a functional group can be modified by other functional groups nearby. Functional group interconversion can be used in retrosynthetic analysis to plan organic synthesis. A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive Chemical property, chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule. The atoms in a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. For repeating units of polymers, functional groups attach to their Chemical polarity, nonp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fenozolone
Fenozolone (Ordinator) was developed by Laboratoires Dausse in the 1960s and is a psychostimulant related to pemoline. See also * 4-Methylaminorex * Aminorex * Clominorex * Cyclazodone * Fluminorex * Pemoline * Thozalinone Thozalinone (United States Adopted Name, USAN) (brand name Stimsen; former developmental code name CL-39808) is a psychostimulant that has been used as an antidepressant in Europe. It has also been clinical trial, trialed as an anorectic. Thozal ... References Stimulants Aminorexes Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents Oxazolones Phenyl compounds {{psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactam
A lactam is a Cyclic compound, cyclic amide, formally derived from an amino alkanoic acid through cyclization reactions. The term is a portmanteau of the words ''lactone'' + ''amide''. Nomenclature Greek_alphabet#Letters, Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. This ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that hydrolysis of an α-lactam gives an α-amino acid and that of a β-Lactam gives a β-amino acid, and so on. Synthesis General synthetic methods are used for the organic synthesis of lactams. Beckmann rearrangement Lactams form by the Acid catalysis, acid-catalyzed Rearrangement reaction, rearrangement of oximes in the Beckmann rearrangement. Schmidt reaction Lactams form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction. Cyclohexanone with hydrazoic acid, forms Caprolactam, ε - Caprolactum, which upon treatment with excess acid forms Pentylenetetrazol, Cardiazole, a heart stimulant. Cyclization of amino acids Lactams can be formed fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
