|
Njinga
Nzinga Ana de Sousa Mbande (; – 17 December 1663) was a southwest African paramount ruler who ruled as a queen of the Ambundu Kingdoms of Ndongo (1624–1663) and Matamba (1631–1663), located in present-day northern Angola. Born into the ruling family of Ndongo, her grandfather Ngola Kilombo Kia Kasenda was the king of Ndongo, succeeded by her father. Njinga received military and political training as a child, and she demonstrated an aptitude for defusing political crises as an ambassador to the Portuguese Empire. In 1624, she assumed power over Ndongo after the death of her brother Mbandi. She ruled during a period of rapid growth of the African slave trade and encroachment by the Portuguese Empire in South West Africa. The Portuguese declared war on Ndongo in 1626 and by 1628, Njinga's army had been severely depleted and they went into exile. In search of allies, she married Imbangala warlord Kasanje. Using this new alliance to rebuild her forces, she conquered the Ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Matamba
The Kingdom of Matamba (pre-1550–1744) was an African state located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern-day Angola. Joined to the Kingdom of Ndongo by Queen Nzinga in 1631, the state had many male and female rulers. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted Portuguese colonisation attempts, but was integrated into Portuguese Angola in the late nineteenth century. Origins and early history The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of Kongo, then Afonso I of Kongo, in 1530. In 1535 Afonso subsequently mentioned Matamba as one of the regions over which he ruled as king in his titles. There is no further information on the kingdom's early history and modern oral traditions do not seem to illuminate this at the present state of research. However, it does not seem likely that Kongo had any more than a light and symbolic presence in Matamba, and its rulers were probably quite i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imbangala
The Imbangala or Mbangala were divided groups of warriors and marauders who worked as hired mercenaries in 17th-century Angola and later founded the Kasanje Kingdom. Origins The Imbangala were people, possibly from Central Africa, who appeared in Angola during the early 17th century. Their origins are still debated. There is general agreement that they were not the same Jagas that attacked the Kingdom of Kongo during the reign of Alvaro I. In the 1960s, Jan Vansina and David Birmingham hypothesized that the oral traditions of the Lunda Empire suggested that both groups of Jaga marauders originated in the Lunda Empire (present-day Democratric Republic of Congo and Zambia) under leader Kinguri and had fled 1550 and 1612. Another theory is that the Imbangala were a local people of southern Angola originating from the Bie Plateau or the coastal regions west of the highlands. The first witness account of the Imbangala, written by an English sailor named Andrew Battell, who liv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbara Of Matamba
Mukambu Mbandi (also called Kambu, Barbara) (died 1666) was the queen regnant of the Kingdom of Ndongo The Kingdom of Ndongo (formerly known as Angola or Dongo, also Kimbundu: ) was an early-modern African state located in the highlands between the Lukala and Kwanza Rivers, in what is now Angola. The Kingdom of Ndongo is first recorded in t ... and Matamba from 1663 to 1666. She was the younger sister of the famous queen Nzinga, who united the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba. Her sister arranged for her to marry her general João Guterres Ngola Kanini, and appointed her as her designated heir and successor. Mukambu was taken captive by the Portuguese, and kept hostage during the negotiations between them and her sister. In 1656, in connection to the release of Mukambu from Portuguese custody in exchange for hundreds of slaves, Nzinga signed a peace treaty with the Portuguese and re-converted to Catholicism. After the death of Nzinga, Mukambu succeeded her on the throne. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Ndongo
The Kingdom of Ndongo (formerly known as Angola or Dongo, also Kimbundu: ) was an early-modern African state located in the highlands between the Lukala and Kwanza Rivers, in what is now Angola. The Kingdom of Ndongo is first recorded in the sixteenth century. It was one of multiple vassal states to Kongo, though Ndongo was the most powerful of these with a king called the '' Ngola''. Little is known of the kingdom in the early sixteenth century. "Angola" was listed among the titles of the King of Kongo in 1535, so it was likely somewhat subordinate to Kongo. Its oral traditions, collected in the late sixteenth century, particularly by the Jesuit Baltasar Barreira, described the founder of the kingdom, Ngola Kiluanje, also known as Ngola Inene, as a migrant from Kongo, chief of a Kimbundu-speaking ethnic group. Political structure The Kimbundu-speaking region was known as the land of Mbundu people. It was ruled by a ''Ngola'', or king, who lived with his extended fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ngolas Of Ndongo
The following is an incomplete list of Ngolas (rulers) of the Kingdom of Ndongo, a pre-colonial West−Central African state in what is now Angola. The full title of those who ruled over the Northern Mbundu Kingdom of Ndongo was '' Ngola a Kilanje''. The kingdom was south of Kingdom of Kongo. The last ruling dynasty moved east to the nearby Kingdom of Matamba, and continued to rule independently until 1741. Rulers of Ndongo as a BaKongo tributary *King Ngola Kiluanji Kia Samba (c. 1515–1556) Rulers of Ndongo as an independent state *King Ndambi a Ngola (1556–1561) *King Ngola Kiluanji kia Ndambi (1561–1575) *King Ngola Kilombo kia Kasenda (1575–1592) *King Mbandi a Ngola (1592–1617) *King Ngola Mbandi (1617–1624) *Queen Ana de Sousa Nzingha Mbande (ruled 1624–1626) Rulers of Ndongo under Portuguese vassalage *King Hari a Kiluanje (ruled 1626) *King Ngola Hari (ruled 1626–1657) Both of these supposed Kings were usurpers imposed upon the people by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambundu
The Ambundu (also Mbundu or Kimbundu) ( Mbundu: or , singular: (distinct from the Ovimbundu) are a Bantu people who live on a high plateau in present-day Angola just north of the Kwanza River. The Ambundu speak Kimbundu, and most also speak the official language of the country, Portuguese. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola. The Ambundu nowadays live in the region stretching to the East from Angola's capital city of Luanda (see map). They are predominant in the Bengo and Malanje provinces and in neighbouring parts of the Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul provinces. The head of the main Ambundu kingdom was called a ''Ngola'', which is the origin of the name of the country Angola. Language The Mbundu speak the Kimbundu language, which has two dialects: Akwaluanda and Ambakista. Spoken in Luanda in the west, ''Akwaluanda'' (also referred to as ''Ambundu'') developed from interactions between Kimbundu spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Funji Of Ndongo
Kifunzi of Ndongo (born in the 1500s) also known as Funji or Lady Grace, her sisters, Nzinga of Ndongo and Mukambu of Matamba, were well revered and respected in Kabasa, the capital and the royal home, as well as the rest of Ndongo. Historically, Funji's name can also be seen in documents as "Funje," "Kifunzi," and "Funzi," depending on the time period. Funji was known to be beautiful and often compared to her mother, Batayo. Being the youngest of the siblings, she was often seen as more full of life, Nzinga remembers times when Funji was smiling and humming, her arms both in the air as though she felt like dancing. She was also clever, both in wit and in aiding with advice to her sisters when Nzinga became the female king. Sources say Funji, much like her sisters, was well educated however may have fallen behind in some studies, especially when being taught by the Portuguese. Historical context Central African Kingdoms Central Africa is a region of Africa located in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of countries and dependencies by population, population and is the List of African countries by area, seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an Enclave and exclave, exclave province, the province of Cabinda Province, Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda. Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic, Paleolithic Age. After the Bantu expansion reached the region, states were formed by the 13th century and organised into confederations. The Kingdom of Kongo ascended to achieve hegemony among the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kimbundu
Kimbundu, a Bantu language which has sometimes been called Mbundu or North Mbundu (to distinguish it from Umbundu, sometimes called South Mbundu), is the second-most-widely-spoken Bantu language in Angola. Its speakers are concentrated in the north-west of the country, notably in the Luanda, Bengo, Malanje and the Cuanza Norte provinces. It is spoken by the Ambundu. Phonology Consonants Allophones: �and �are allophones of /p/ and /b/, respectively, before /a/ and /u/. The phoneme /l/ is phonetically a flap � a voiced plosive or its palatalized version ʲwhen before the front high vowel /i/. In the same way, the alveolars /s/, /z/ and /n/ are palatalized to � �and � respectively, before There may be an epenthesis of after /ŋ/ in word medial positions, thus creating a phonetic cluster �gin a process of fortition. There is long distance nasal harmony, in which /l/ is realized as if the previous morphemes contain /m/ or /n/, but not prenasalized stops. Vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Tactics
Military tactics encompasses the art of organizing and employing fighting forces on or near the battlefield. They involve the application of four battlefield functions which are closely related – kinetic or firepower, Mobility (military), mobility, protection or security, and Shock tactics, shock action. Tactics are a separate function from command and control and logistics. In contemporary military science, tactics are the lowest of three levels of warfighting, the higher levels being the military strategy, strategic and Operational level of war, operational levels. Throughout history, there has been a shifting balance between the four tactical functions, generally based on the application of military technology, which has led to one or more of the tactical functions being dominant for a period of time, usually accompanied by the dominance of an associated Combat arms, fighting arm deployed on the battlefield, such as infantry, artillery, cavalry or tanks. Tactical functions Ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbilical Cord
In Placentalia, placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or ''funiculus umbilicalis'') is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the fetal heart pumps low-oxygen, nutrient-depleted blood through the umbilical arteries back to the placenta. Structure and development The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the yolk sac and allantois. It forms by the fifth week of human embryogenesis, development, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo. The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithograph
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the miscibility, immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for sheet music, musical scores and maps.Meggs, Philip B. ''A History of Graphic Design''. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146, .Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. ''Typographic Design: Form and Communication'', Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 11. Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A lithograph is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for printmaking, fine art prints and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography. Traditionally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
