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Native American Trade
Native American trade refers to trade among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people of North America and with European Settler, settlers. Trade with Europeans began before the colonial period, continuing through the 19th century and declining around 1937. The term Native American Trade in this context describes the people involved in the trade. The products involved varied by region and era. In most of Canada, the term is synonymous with the North American fur trade, fur trade, since fur for making beaver hats was by far the most valuable product of the trade, from the European point of view. Demand for other products resulted in trade in those items: Europeans asked for Deerskin trade, deerskin on the southeast coast of the United States, American bison, buffalo skins and meat, and pemmican on the Great Plains. In turn, Native American demand influenced the trade of goods brought by Europeans. Economic contact between Native Americans and European colonists be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Nez Perces Trading 1841
A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ("strong") and ("to make"). From very early history to modern times, defensive walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first small cities to be fortified. In ancient Greece, large cyclopean stone walls fitted without mortar had been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae. A Greek '' phrourion'' was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military garrison, and is the equivalent of the Roman castellum or fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acted as a border gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French maritime explorer from Brittany. Jacques Cartier was the first Europeans, European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named Name of Canada, "The Country of Canadas" after the Iroquoian languages, Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona, Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (village), Hochelaga (Montreal Island).. Early life Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the port on the north-east coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable Sailor, mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading aristocratic family. His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness. First voyage (1534) In 1534, two years after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with the French crown in the Union between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yurok
The Yurok people are an Algic-speaking Indigenous people of California that has existed along the or "Health-kick-wer-roy" (now known as the Klamath River) and on the Pacific coast, from Trinidad south of the Klamath’s mouth almost to Crescent City along the north coast. The people of the Yurok Tribe traditionally identify as , a Yurok word simply meaning "the people." Some historic documents, like the Yurok Tribe's unratified treaty with the Government of the United States (GoUS), refer to the Yurok Tribe as the Lower Klamath, Pulikla, or Poh-lik Indians to distinguish the people of the Yurok Tribe from the "Upper Klamath" or "Peh-tsick" Indians, who are now known as the Karuk Tribe. The name Yurok is derived from the Karuk word , meaning "downriver people; i.e. Yurok Indians".Andrew Garrett, Susan Gehr, Erik Hans Maier, Line Mikkelsen, Crystal Richardson, and Clare Sandy. (November 2, 2021) ''Karuk; To appear in The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern California
Northern California (commonly shortened to NorCal) is a geocultural region that comprises the northern portion of the U.S. state of California, spanning the northernmost 48 of the state's List of counties in California, 58 counties. Northern California in its largest definition is determined by dividing the state into two regions, the other being Southern California. The main northern population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area (anchored by the cities of San Jose, California, San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland, California, Oakland), the Greater Sacramento area (anchored by the state capital Sacramento, California, Sacramento), the Redding, California, area south of the Cascade Range, and the Metropolitan Fresno area (anchored by the city of Fresno, California, Fresno). Northern California also contains Sequoia sempervirens, redwood forests, along with most of the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomo
The Pomo are a Indigenous peoples of California, Native American people of California. Historical Pomo territory in Northern California was large, bordered by the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast to the west, extending inland to Clear Lake (California), Clear Lake, mainly between Cleone, California, Cleone and Duncans Point. One small group, the Tceefoka (Northeastern Pomo language, Northeastern Pomo), lived in the vicinity of present-day Stonyford, California, Stonyford, Colusa County, California, Colusa County, where they were separated from the majority of Pomo lands by Yuki people, Yuki and Wintuan languages, Wintuan speakers. The name ''Pomo'' derives from a conflation of the Pomo words and . It originally meant "those who live at red earth hole" and was once the name of a village in southern Potter Valley, California, Potter Valley, near the present-day community of Pomo, California, Pomo, Mendocino County, California, Mendocino County. The word may also ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basket Weaving
Basket weaving (also basketry or basket making) is the process of weaving or sewing pliable materials into three-dimensional artifacts, such as baskets, mats, mesh bags or even furniture. Craftspeople and artists specialized in making baskets may be known as basket makers and basket weavers. Basket weaving is also a rural craft. Basketry is made from a variety of fibrous or pliable materials—anything that will bend and form a shape. Examples include pine, straw, willow (esp. osier), oak, wisteria, forsythia, vines, stems, fur, hide, grasses, thread, and fine wooden splints. There are many applications for basketry, from simple mats to hot air balloon gondolas. Many Indigenous peoples are renowned for their basket-weaving techniques. History While basket weaving is one of the widest spread crafts in the history of any human civilization, it is hard to say just how old the craft is, because natural materials like wood, grass, and animal remains decay naturally and con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tongva
The Tongva ( ) are an Indigenous peoples of California, Indigenous people of California from the Los Angeles Basin and the Channel Islands of California, Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately . In the precolonial era, the people lived in as many as 100 villages and primarily identified by their village rather than by a pan-tribal name. During colonization, the Spanish referred to these people as Gabrieleño and Fernandeño, names derived from the Spanish missions in California, Spanish missions built on their land: Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Fernando Rey de España. ''Tongva'' is the most widely circulated endonym among the people, used by Narcisa Higuera in 1905 to refer to inhabitants in the vicinity of Mission San Gabriel. Some people who identify as direct lineal descendants of the people advocate the use of their ancestral name ''Kizh'' as an Endonym and exonym, endonym. The Tongva, along with neighboring groups such as the Chumash peopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serrano People
The Serrano are an Indigenous people of California. Their autonyms are Taaqtam meaning "people", Maarrênga'yam meaning "people from Morongo", and Yuhaaviatam meaning "people of the pines." Today the Maarrênga'yam are enrolled in the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, and the Yuhaviatam are enrolled in the Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation. Some other Serrano people are enrolled in the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians."Serrano." ''San Diego State University Library and Information Access.'' 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2012 Territory 
The Serrano are typically ...
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Cahuilla
The Cahuilla, also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern California."California Indians and Their Reservations. ''SDSU Library and Information Access.'' Their original territory encompassed about . The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by Borrego Springs, California, Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Mountains, San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountain Range, Palomar Mountains. |
Holocene
The Holocene () is the current geologic time scale, geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene is an interglacial period within the ongoing Ice age, glacial cycles of the Quaternary, and is equivalent to Marine isotope stages, Marine Isotope Stage 1. The Holocene correlates with the last maximum axial tilt towards the Sun of the Earth#Axial tilt and seasons, Earth's obliquity. The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth, and impacts of the human species worldwide, including Recorded history, all of its written history, technological revolutions, development of major civilizations, and overall significant transition towards urban culture, urban living in the present. The human impact on modern-era Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global significance for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Callianax Biplicata
''Callianax biplicata'', common names the purple dwarf olive, purple olive shell, or purple olivella is a species of small predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Olividae, the olives.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Callianax biplicata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1424883 on 2021-11-04 Distribution ''Callianax biplicata'' snails are found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean coasts from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico. Habitat This species is common on sandy substrates intertidally and subtidally, in bays and the outer coast.Dave Cowles. 2005''Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825)''. accessed 22 November 2008. Life habits These snails are carnivorous or omnivorous sand-burrowers. Shell description This shell of this species is quite solid, and large for an ''Olivella'', with adult shells ranging from 20 mm to 27 mm in length, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shell Money
Shell money is a medium of exchange similar to coin money and other forms of commodity money, and was once commonly used in many parts of the world. Shell money usually consisted of whole or partial sea shells, often worked into beads or otherwise shaped. The use of shells in trade began as direct commodity exchange, the shells having use-value as body ornamentation. The distinction between beads as commodities and beads as money has been the subject of debate among economic anthropologists. Shell money has appeared in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia. The shell most widely used worldwide as currency was the shell of '' Cypraea moneta'', the money cowry. This species is most abundant in the Indian Ocean, and was collected in the Maldive Islands, in Sri Lanka, along the Malabar coast, in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun to Mozambique. Cowry shell money was an important part of the trade networks of Afric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
