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Muscular Islam
Muscular Islam is a sometimes used term to describe the push for physical fitness amongst Muslims. History Pre-colonial era Furusiyya, an ancient equestrian practice in the Muslim world, is argued by Birgit Krawietz to have been an early form of muscular Islam, with Oil wrestling, Turkish heritage wrestling being a modern-day extant furusiyya practice and major aspect of muscular Islam as practiced in Turkey. Colonial era In Algeria and the Middle East, muscular Islam was promoted as a way of encouraging physical fitness, masculinity, and strength to execute anti-colonial resistance, as well as helping in nation-building and the encouragement of patriotism throughout the region. Post-colonial era In Indonesia, muscular Islam and the need for a return to Islamic values by any means necessary, including jihad, was promoted by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo, who led revolts against the national government as Imam of Darul Islam (Indonesia), Darul Islam in the early post ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslims
Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God in Abrahamic religions, God of Abraham (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the last Islamic prophet. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous Islamic holy books, revelations, such as the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Injeel (Gospel). These earlier revelations are associated with Judaism and Christianity, which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (''sunnah'') as recorded in traditional accounts (hadith). With an estimated population of almost 2 billion followers, Muslims comprise around 26% of the world's total population. In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furusiyya
' (Arabic: فروسية; also romanization of Arabic, transliterated as , knighthood) is an Arabic knightly discipline and ethical code developed in the Middle Ages. It was practised in the medieval Muslim world from Afghanistan to Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain, and particularly during the Crusades and the Mamluk period. The combat form uses martial arts and equestrianism as the foundation. The term ''furūsiyya'' is a derivation of () "horse", and in Modern Standard Arabic means "equestrianism" in general. The term for "horseman" or "cavalier" ("knight") is (فارس),Daniel Coetzee, Lee W. Eysturlid, ''Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers'' (2013)p. 59 60, 63. "Ibn Akhī Hizām" ("the son of the brother of Hizam", viz. a nephew of Hizam Ibn Ghalib, Abbasid commander in Khurasan, fl. 840). which is also the origin of the Spanish rank of ''alférez''. The Perso-Arabic term for "''Furūsiyya'' literature" is or . is also described as a small e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslim World
The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. In a modern geopolitical sense, these terms refer to countries in which Islam is widespread, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term Muslim-majority countries is an alternative often used for the latter sense. The history of the Muslim world spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the Islamic Golden Age. Muslims look for guidance to the Quran and believe in the prophetic mission of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious schools of thought and sects within Islam. The Islamic conquests, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birgit Krawietz
Birgit Krawietz is professor of Islamic Studies at the Institut für Islamwissenschaft at the Freie Universität Berlin. Biography Birgit Krawietz is professor of Islamic Studies. She earned her PhD in Islamic Studies from the University of Freiburg in 1990. From 1992 to 1998 she worked as a post-doctoral assistant at the Orientalische Seminar at the University of Tübingen. After having finished her habilitation with Professor Joseph van Ess at the Orientalische Seminar of the Universität Tübingen about "Hierarchie der Rechtsquellen im tradierten sunnitischen Islam" she left for the United States to join the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey as a fellow. Later she continued for two years as a Heisenberg fellow at the Islamic Studies Program at Harvard Law School and the Center for Middle East Studies of Harvard University. After her return to Germany she worked as a research fellow at the Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO) near Berlin from May 2006 until March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Wrestling
Oil wrestling (), also called Turkish oil wrestling, is the national sport of Turkey. Oil wrestling includes oil and traditional dress, and its rules are comparable to karakucak. In Assyria, ancient Egypt, and Babylonia, oil wrestling was performed. It spread to Iran and Turkey during the First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt. Oil wrestling was performed by ancient communities 4,500 years ago in Thrace and the Balkans. As the Ottoman Empire extended into Europe, oil wrestling competitions have been held ceremoniously until modern times. Unlike Olympic wrestling, oil wrestling matches may be won by achieving an effective hold of the ''kisbet'', the loose-fitting leather pants worn during oil wrestling. Thus, the wrestler aims to control his opponent by putting his arm through the latter's ''kisbet''. To win by using this move is called ''paça kazık''. Originally, matches had no set duration and could go on for one or two days until one man was able to establish his superiority ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jihad
''Jihad'' (; ) is an Arabic word that means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", particularly with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God in Islam, God's guidance, such as an introspection, internal struggle against evil in oneself, efforts to build a good Muslim community (''ummah''), and struggle to defend Islam. Literally meaning 'struggle', the term is most frequently Islam and war, associated with warfare. ''Jihad'' is classified into inner ("greater") ''jihad'', which involves a struggle against one's own passions and impulses, and outer ("lesser") ''jihad'', which is further subdivided into ''jihad'' of the pen/tongue (debate or persuasion) and ''jihad'' of the sword (warfare). Much of Muslim opinion considers inner ''jihad'' to have primacy over outer ''jihad'', although many Western scholars disagree. The analysis of a large survey from 2002 reveals considerable nuance in the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
Soekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo (7 January 1905 – 5 September 1962) was an Indonesian Islamic mystic who led the Darul Islam rebellion against the Indonesian government from 1949 to 1962, intending to overthrow the secular Pancasila ideology and establish ''Negara Islam Indonesia'' (Islamic State of Indonesia) based on sharia law. Early life Kartosuwiryo was born in Cepu, an oil-producing town in Central Java, the son of a minor government official. His education was mostly in secular and Dutch-medium schools. While attending NIAS (''Nederlands-Indische Artsen School''/ Netherlands Indies Medical College) in Surabaya, Kartosuwiryo boarded at the house of Islamist leader Tjokroaminoto and became actively involved in Tjokrominoto's PSII (''Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia''/ Indonesian Islamic Union Party). Kartosuwiryo abandoned his medical studies to be fully immersed in politics. While touring Malangbong, near Garut in West Java, Kartosuwiryo met and married the daugh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darul Islam (Indonesia)
Darul Islam ( meaning ''Divisions of the world in Islam, House of Islam''), also known as Darul Islam/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia (, DI/TII), is an Islamism, Islamist group whose goal is to fight for the establishment of an Islamic state in Indonesia. It was established in 1942 by a group of Muslim militias, coordinated by the Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo. The group recognises only ''Shari'a'' as the valid source of law. The movement has produced splinters and offshoots that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups. Establishment During the Indonesian National Revolution, Kartosoewirjo founded his own band of fighters in West Java, called Hizbullah and Sabilillah. As a protest toward the Renville Agreement signed by Indonesian leaders in 1948, which State of Pasundan, ceded West Java to the Dutch, Kartosoewirjo proclaimed a ''Darul Islam'' (meaning "Islamic State") in West Java on 7 August 1949. Darul Islam did not disband itsel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traditional Games Of Iran
Iran has some traditional games, sports, and martial arts that date back thousands of years. Many of these games have started to disappear due to urbanisation, the advent of computer games, and the neglect of cultural institutions. History Some of the traditional Iranian games were demonstrated at the 1974 Asian Games hosted by Iran as a way of demonstrating the ability for traditional Persian culture to coexist with modern Western culture. Traditional games Zu (Compares with Kabaddi, of Indian origin) Zu/Zou is similar to the better-known version of the game Kabaddi of India, and has a history going back thousands of years in the country. In this version, the attacker starts with hawling "zou" (see above reference) the entire time performing the mission without breathing until gets back to the base. Another contrast is there is no 30 second rule in Zu. Haft sang Choub bazi Martial arts Pahlavani Board games Shatranj Nard Card games Baas-o-Bey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahlevani And Zoorkhaneh Rituals
Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name inscribed by UNESCO for Warzesh-e pahlavāni (, "heroic sport") or Warzeŝe Bāstāni (; , "ancient sport"), a traditional system of athletics and a form of martial arts originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia) Outside Iran, zoorkhanehs can now also be found in Azerbaijan, and Afghanistan, and were introduced into Iraq in the mid-19th century by the Iranian immigrants, where they seem to have existed until the 1980s before disappearing. It combines martial arts, calisthenics, strength training and music. It contains elements of pre-Islamic and post-Islamic culture of Iran (particularly Zoroastrianism and Gnosticism) with the spirituality of Persian Shia Islam and Sufism. Practiced in a domed structure called the zurkhāneh, training sessions consist mainly of ritual gymnastic movements and climax with the core of combat practice, a style of folk wrestling called koshti pahlavāni. History Traditional Iranian wrestling ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chess
Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves Perfect information, no hidden information and no elements of game of chance, chance. It is played on a square chessboard, board consisting of 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The players, referred to as White and Black in chess, "White" and "Black", each control sixteen Chess piece, pieces: one king (chess), king, one queen (chess), queen, two rook (chess), rooks, two bishop (chess), bishops, two knight (chess), knights, and eight pawn (chess), pawns, with each type of piece having a different pattern of movement. An enemy piece may be captured (removed from the board) by moving one's own piece onto the square it occupies. The object of the game is to "checkmate" (threaten with inescapable capture) the enemy king. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw (chess), draw. The recorded history of chess goes back to at least the emergence of chaturanga—also thought to be an ancesto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
