Furusiyya

' (Arabic: فروسية; also transliterated as , knighthood) is an Arabic knightly discipline and ethical code developed in the Middle Ages. It was practised in the medieval Muslim world from Afghanistan to Muslim Spain, and particularly during the Crusades and the Mamluk period. The combat form uses martial arts and equestrianism as the foundation.

The term ''furūsiyya'' is a derivation of () "horse", and in Modern Standard Arabic means "equestrianism" in general. The term for "horseman" or "cavalier" ("knight") is (فارس),Daniel Coetzee, Lee W. Eysturlid, ''Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers'' (2013)
p. 59
60, 63.
"Ibn Akhī Hizām" ("the son of the brother of Hizam", viz. a nephew of Hizam Ibn Ghalib, Abbasid commander in Khurasan, fl. 840). which is also the origin of the Spanish rank of '' alférez''. The Perso-Arabic term for "''Furūsiyya'' literature" is or . is also described as a small encyclopedia about horses.

The three basic categories of ''furūsiyya'' are horsemanship, including veterinary aspects of proper care for the horse ( hippology) and the proper riding techniques (equestrianism), mounted archery, and jousting. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya adds swordsmanship as a fourth discipline in his treatise ''Al-Furūsiyya'' (1350). Ibn Akhi Hizam also cited that there are three fundamentals to the ''furūsiyya'': horse mastery, proficiency in handling all types of weapons, and bravery.

History

Tradition

The Arabic literary tradition involving equestrianism dates back thousands of years and occupied large sections of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. That of veterinary medicine ( hippiatry) in Furusiyya literature, much like in the case of human medicine, was adopted from Byzantine Greek sources in the 9th to 10th centuries. In the case of furūsiyya, the immediate source is the Byzantine compilation on veterinary medicine known as the ''Hippiatrica'' (5th or 6th century); the very word for "horse doctor" in Arabic, ''bayṭar'', is a .Anne McCabe, ''A Byzantine Encyclopaedia of Horse Medicine: The Sources, Compilation, and Transmission of the Hippiatrica'' (2007)
p. 184
citing: A. I. Sabra, "The Appropriation and Subsequent Naturalization of Greek Science in Medieval Islam: A Preliminary Statement", History of Science 25 (1987), 223–243; M. Plessner in: '' Encyclopedia of Islam'' s.v. "bayṭar" (1960).

Arabic treatises

The first known such treatise in Arabic is due to Ibn Akhī Ḥizām (), an Abbasid-era commander and stable master to caliph Al-Muʿtadid (r. 892–902), author of ''Kitāb al-Furūsiyya wa 'l-Bayṭara'' ("Book of Horsemanship and Hippiatry"). Ibn al-Nadim in the late 10th century records the availability in Baghdad of several treatises on horses and veterinary medicine attributed to Greek authors.

The discipline peaked in Mamluk Sultanate during the 14th century. In a narrow sense, furūsiyya literature comprises works by professional military writers with a Mamluk background or close ties to the Mamluk establishment. These treatises often quote pre-Mamluk works on military strategy. Some of the works were versified for didactic purposes. The best known versified treatise is the one by Taybugha al-Ashrafi al-Baklamishi al-Yunan ("the Greek"), who in c. 1368 wrote the poem ''al-tullab fi ma'rifat ramy al-nushshab''. The discipline of ''furusiyya'' became increasingly detached from its origins in Byzantine veterinary medicine and more focussed on military arts.

Categories

The three basic categories of furūsiyya are horsemanship, including hippology and veterinary aspects of proper care for the horse, and the appropriate riding techniques, mounted archery, and jousting. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya adds swordsmanship as a fourth discipline in his treatise ''Al-Furūsiyya'' (1350). Ibn Akhi Hizam also cited that there are three fundamentals to furūsiyya: horse mastery, proficiency in handling all types of weapons, and bravery.

Persian treatises

Persian which can be dated with confidence are extant only from about the mid-14th century, but the tradition survives longer in Persia, throughout the Safavid era. One treatise by ʿAbd-Allāh Ṣafī, known as the ''a'' (written in 1407/8) is said to preserve a chapter from an otherwise lost 12th-century ( Ghaznavid-era) text. There is a candidate for another treatise of this age, extant in a single manuscript: the treatise attributed to one ''Moḥammad b. Moḥammad b. Zangī'', also known as ''Qayyem Nehāvandī'', has been tentatively dated as originating in the 12th century. Some of the Persian treatises are translations from the Arabic. One short work, attributed to Aristotle, is a Persian translation from the Arabic. There are supposedly also treatises translated into Persian from Hindustani or Sanskrit. These include the by ''Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn Ḥosaynī Hašemī'' (written 1520), and the by ''Ṣadr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Khan b. Zebardast Khan'' (written 1722/3). Texts thought to have been originally written in Persian include the by ''Moḥammad b. Moḥammad Wāseʿī'' (written 1365/6; Tehran, MS no. 5754). A partial listing of known Persian literature was published by Gordfarāmarzī (1987).

List of Furusiyyah treatises

The following is a list of known Furusiyyah treatises (after al-Sarraf 2004, al-Nashīrī 2007).

Some of the early treatises (9th to 10th centuries) are not extant and only known from references by later authors: Al-Asma'i, ( خيل "horse"), Ibn Abi al-Dunya (d. 894 / AH 281) , Al-Ṭabarānī (d. 971 / AH 360) , Al-Qarrāb (d. 1038 / AH 429), .

''Fāris''

The term ''furūsiyya'', much like its parallel ''chivalry'' in the West, also appears to have developed a wider meaning of "martial ethos". Arabic ''furusiyya'' and European ''chivalry'' has both influenced each other as a means of a warrior code for the knights of both cultures.

The term ''fāris'' () for "horseman" consequently adopted qualities comparable to the Western knight or ''chevalier'' ("cavalier"). This could include free men (such as Usama ibn Munqidh), or unfree professional warriors, like ghulams and mamluks. The Mamluk-era soldier was trained in the use of various weapons such as the saif, spear, lance, javelin, club, bow and arrows, and tabarzin (Mamluk bodyguards are known as ''tabardariyya''), as well as wrestling.

See also

* ''Hippiatrica''
* ''Shalihotra Samhita''
* '' Bem cavalgar''
* History of veterinary medicine
* Horses in the Middle Ages
* Horses in warfare
* Aswaran
* Futuwwa
* Ayyār

References

Bibliography

* Ayalon, David (1961). ''Notes on the Furusiyya Exercises and Games in the Mamluk Sultanate'', Scripta Hierosolymitana, 9
* Bashir, Mohamed (2008). ''The arts of the Muslim knight; the Furusiyya Art Foundation collection''. Skira.
*
* Nicolle, David (1999). ''Arms & Armour of the Crusading Era 1050–1350, Islam, Eastern Europe, and Asia''. Greenhill Books.
*
* Housni Alkhateeb Shehada, ''Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam'' (2012).
* Waterson, James (2007). ''The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks''. Greenhill Books.

External links

{{Wiktionary, فروسية

Mamluk Bibliography Online

Qatar Digital Library

Historical martial arts
Military history of Islam
History of veterinary medicine
Military equestrianism
Culture of the medieval Islamic world
Mamluk Sultanate
Warrior code