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Munera (ancient Rome)
In ancient Rome, (Latin plural; singular ) were public works and entertainments provided for the benefit of the Roman people by individuals of high status and wealth. means "duty, obligation" (cf. English " munificence"), expressing the individual's responsibility to provide a service or contribution to his community. The word was often a synonym for gladiatorial combat, which was originally sponsored as a funeral tribute at the tomb of a deceased Roman magnate by his heir. depended on the private largesse of individuals, in contrast to , which were games, athletic contests or spectacles sponsored by the state. Types and evolution The most famous ''munera'' were the gladiatorial contests, which began as a service or gift rendered by the heirs of the deceased at funeral games. ''Munera'' could refer to the provision of such public services, or to the services themselves. In describing Rome's provision of water to the public, Frontinus describes certain lavishly decorated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman people, Roman civilisation from the founding of Rome, founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (50927 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC476 AD) until the fall of the western empire. Ancient Rome began as an Italic peoples, Italic settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the River Tiber in the Italian peninsula. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually controlled the Italian Peninsula, assimilating the Greece, Greek culture of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and the Etruscans, Etruscan culture, and then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe. At its hei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Archaeological Science
The ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers "the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology". The journal was established in 1974 by Academic Press and is currently published by Elsevier. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.030. References External links * Academic journals established in 1974 English-language journals Archaeology journals Elsevier academic journals Monthly journals {{archaeology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Origo (ancient Rome)
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Origo may refer to: * ''Origo'' (album), an album by the band Burst * ''Origo'' (moth), a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae * Origo (pragmatics), a concept in pragmatics * "Origo" (song), by Joci Pápai, representing Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 * ''Origo'' (website), a Hungarian news website * Iris Origo, writer * Origo Sound, a record label * Origo hf., an Icelandic information technology services company * ''Origo'' (EP), an extended play by singer Natalia Nykiel. *See also Origin (mathematics) In mathematics, the origin of a Euclidean space is a special point, usually denoted by the letter ''O'', used as a fixed point of reference for the geometry of the surrounding space. In physical problems, the choice of origin is often arbitrar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liturgy (ancient Greece)
The liturgy (, wikt:liturgy, leitourgia, from λαός / Laos, "the people" and the root / ergon, "work" ) was in ancient Greece a public service established by the Polis, city-state whereby its richest members (whether citizens or Metic, resident aliens), more or less voluntarily, financed the State with their personal wealth. It took its legitimacy from the idea that "personal wealth is possessed only through delegation from the city". The liturgical system dates back to the early days of Athenian democracy, and included the constitutional duty of trierarchy, which gradually fell into disuse by the end of the 4th century BC,Christ 1990, p. 148 eclipsed by the development of euergetism in the Hellenistic period. However, a similar system was in force during the Roman empire. Principles and types The liturgy was the preferred mode of financing of the Greek city, to the extent that it allowed them to easily associate each public expense with a ready source of revenue. This flexibi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opera Publica
''Opera publica'' is the Latin name used by Ancient Rome for the building of public works, construction, or engineering projects carried out under the direction of the state on behalf of the community. The term "public works" is a calque (literal word-by-word translation) of the Latin term. Public works in the Roman Empire were not merely buildings for the conduct of the business of running the city, but encompassed all buildings for public use. Therefore, amphitheatress, aqueductss, templess, basilicas, theatres, fora, archeses, defensive walls, harbors, bridgess, thermae In ancient Rome, (from Greek , "hot") and (from Greek ) were facilities for bathing. usually refers to the large Roman Empire, imperial public bath, bath complexes, while were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed i ..., fountains, Roman roads, roads, Roman circus, circuseses, markets, and Sewage system#Premodern systems, cloacae were classified as ''opera publica''. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corvée
Corvée () is a form of unpaid forced labour that is intermittent in nature, lasting for limited periods of time, typically only a certain number of days' work each year. Statute labour is a corvée imposed by a state (polity), state for the purposes of public works. As such it represents a form of levy (taxation). Unlike other forms of levy, such as a tithe, a corvée does not require the population to have land, crops or cash. The obligation for tenant farmers to perform corvée work for landlords on private landed estates was widespread throughout history before the Industrial Revolution. The term is most typically used in reference to Medieval Europe, medieval and early modern Europe, where work was often expected by a feudal landowner of their vassals, or by a monarch of their subjects. The application of the term is not limited to feudal Europe; corvée has also existed in Egypt, modern and ancient Egypt, Sumer, ancient Sumer, ancient Rome, China, Japan, the Incan civil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lime Burning
A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime called ''quicklime'' (calcium oxide). The chemical equation for this reaction is: CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2 This reaction can take place at anywhere above , but is generally considered to occur at (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 1 atmosphere), but a temperature around (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 3.8 atmospheres) is usually used to make the reaction proceed quickly.Parkes, G.D. and Mellor, J.W. (1939). ''Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry'' London: Longmans, Green and Co. Excessive temperature is avoided because it produces unreactive, "dead-burned" lime. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) can be formed by mixing quicklime with water. History Pre-pottery Neolithic In plaster, proto-pottery, and mortar Because it is so readily made by heating limestone, lime must have been known from the earliest times, and all th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curiales
In ancient Rome, the ''curiales'' (from ''co + viria'', 'gathering of men') were initially the leading members of a gens, gentes (clan) of the city of Rome. Their roles were both civil and sacred. Each ''gens curialis'' had a leader, called a ''curio.'' The whole arrangement of assemblies was presided over by the ''curio maximus''. History The Roman civic form was replicated in the towns and cities of the empire as they came under Roman control. By the Dominate, Late Empire, ''curiales'' referred to the merchants, businessmen, and mid-level landowners who served in their local ''curia'' as local magistrates and Decurion (administrative), decurions. ''Curiales'' were expected to procure funds for public building projects, temples, festivities, games, and local welfare systems. They would often pay for these expenses out of their own pocket, to gain prestige. From the mid-third century, this became an obligation, as Constantine I confiscated the cities' endowments, local taxes and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrarchy
The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the ''augusti'', and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the ''caesares''. Initially Diocletian chose Maximian as his ''caesar'' in 285, raising him to co-''augustus'' the following year; Maximian was to govern the western provinces and Diocletian would administer the eastern ones. The role of the ''augustus'' was likened to Jupiter (mythology), Jupiter, while his ''caesar'' was akin to Jupiter's son Hercules. Galerius and Constantius Chlorus, Constantius were appointed ''caesares'' in March 293. Diocletian and Maximian retired on 1 May 305, raising Galerius and Constantius to the rank of ''augustus''. Their places as ''caesares'' were in turn taken by Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daza. The orderly system of two senior and two junior rulers endured until Constantius died in July 306, and his son Constantine the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( ) was the era of Ancient Rome, classical Roman civilisation beginning with Overthrow of the Roman monarchy, the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium. During this period, Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean world. Roman society at the time was primarily a cultural mix of Latins (Italic tribe), Latin and Etruscan civilization, Etruscan societies, as well as of Sabine, Oscan, and Greek cultural elements, which is especially visible in the Ancient Roman religion and List of Roman deities, its pantheon. Its political organisation developed at around the same time as direct democracy in Ancient Greece, with collective and annual magistracies, overseen by Roman Senate, a senate. There were annual elections, but the republican system was an elective olig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a searchable web-based bibliographic database, which provides access to full texts of scientific and medical publications of the Dutch publisher Elsevier as well of several small academic publishers. It hosts over 18 million publications from more than 4,000 academic journals and 30,000 e-books. The access to the full-text requires subscription, while the bibliographic metadata are free to read. ScienceDirect was launched by Elsevier in March 1997. Usage The journals are grouped into four main sections: *''Physical Sciences and Engineering'' *''Life Sciences'' *''Health Sciences'' *''Social Sciences and Humanities''. Article abstracts are freely available, and access to their full texts (in PDF and, for newer publications, also HTML) generally requires a subscription or pay-per-view purchase unless the content is freely available in open access. Papers published under several open access licenses are available on ScienceDirect without cost. Access to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
