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Modernization Theory (nationalism)
Modernization theory is the predominant explanation for the emergence of nationalism among scholars of nationalism. Prominent modernization scholars, such as Benedict Anderson, Ernest Gellner and Eric Hobsbawm, say nationalism arose with modernization during the late 18th century. Processes that lead to the emergence of nationalism include industrialization and democratic revolutions. Modernization theory stands in contrast to primordialism, which hold that nations are biological, innate phenomena, and ethnosymbolism, which emphasizes their pre-modern roots. Important theorists Early antecedents Scholar Carlton J. H. Hayes is considered a precursor to the later modernist theorists. Hayes wrote in 1931: "We can be sure that prior to the eighteenth century A.D. it was not the general rule for civilized nationalities to strive zealously and successfully for political unity and independence, whereas it has been the general rule in the last century and a half. Universal mass-na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalism Studies
Nationalism studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism and related issues. While nationalism has been the subject of scholarly discussion since at least the late eighteenth century, it is only since the early 1990s that it has received enough attention for a distinct field to emerge. Authors such as Eric Hobsbawm, Carlton J. H. Hayes, Hans Kohn, Elie Kedourie, John Hutchinson (academic), John Hutchinson, Ernest Gellner, Karl Deutsch, Walker Connor, Anthony D. Smith, and Benedict Anderson laid the foundation for nationalism studies in the post-war period. In the early 1990s their ideas were enthusiastically taken up by academics, journalists, and others looking to understand and explain the apparent resurgence of nationalism marked by events such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Rwanda genocide, and the Yugoslav Wars. History of the field The development of the field can be divided into four stages: (I) the late eighteenth and ni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invented Traditions
Invented traditions are cultural practices that are presented or perceived as traditional, arising from people starting in the distant past, but which are relatively recent and often consciously invented by historical actors. The concept was highlighted in the 1983 book ''The Invention of Tradition'', edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Hobsbawm's introduction argues that many "traditions" which "appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented." This "invention" is distinguished from "starting" or "initiating" a tradition that does not then claim to be old. The phenomenon is particularly clear in the modern development of the nation and of nationalism, creating a national identity promoting national unity, and legitimising certain institutions or cultural practices. Background A set of practices, typically ritualistic or symbolic, aims to instill values and behavioral norms through repetition, such as saluting a flag before class. These p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthony D Smith
Anthony David Stephen Smith (23 September 1939 – 19 July 2016) was a British historical sociologist who, at the time of his death, was Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicity at the London School of Economics. He is considered one of the founders of the interdisciplinary field of nationalism studies. Biography Anthony D. Smith was born in London, into a Jewish family. His father was a British businessman, and his mother, Harriet, came from Wiesbaden. His family had roots in Poland for centuries, but during the Holocaust, 80 of their relatives lost their lives. These tragic events had a profound impact on Smith and shaped his interest in Jewish history and the existence of nations since ancient times. Smith started his education in boarding schools and later studied classics at Oxford University. After completing his undergraduate studies, he attended the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium. He then pursued a master's degree in sociology at the London School of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Functionalism
Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability". This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions. A common analogy called the organic or biological analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as human body "organs" that work toward the proper functioning of the "body" as a whole. In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes "the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a suppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umut Özkırımlı
Umut Özkırımlı (born 18 November 1970) is a political scientist known for his work in nationalism studies, social movements, and identity politics. Biography Özkırımlı was born in Ankara, Turkey. After completing his secondary education in Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul in Istanbul, he attended Boğaziçi University. He received his master's degree from London School of Economics and Political Science and his doctoral degree from Istanbul University. He taught as an associate professor in the International Relations department of Istanbul Bilgi University, and was a professor in Contemporary Turkey Studies at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Lund University, Sweden. Currently, he is a Senior Research Fellow aIBEI - Institut Barcelona Estudis Internacionals a Professor at Blanquerna – Universitat Ramon Llull and a Senior Research Associate aCIDOB - Barcelona Centre for International Affairs He is also the Academic Director of thBarcelona Summer School of the Med ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unification Of Germany
The unification of Germany (, ) was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federalism, federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part). It commenced on 18 August 1866 with the adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a military alliance ''de facto'' dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. The process symbolically concluded when most of the south German states joined the North German Confederation with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire (German Reich) having States of the German Empire, 25 member states and led by the Kingdom of Prussia of Hohenzollerns on 18 January 1871; the event was typically celebrated as the date of the German Empire's foundation, although the legally meaningful events relevant to the completion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Breuilly
John Breuilly (born October 31, 1946) is professor of nationalism and ethnicity at the London School of Economics. Breuilly is the author of the pioneering ''Nationalism and the State'' (1982). Career Breuilly taught at the universities of Manchester (1972–95) and Birmingham (1995–2004). He has been a visiting professor at the universities of Hamburg (1987-8) and Bielefeld (1992-3). He is currently professor of nationalism and ethnicity at the London School of Economics. Research and writing Breuilly's research interests are "Nationalism and Ethnicity, Modern German History, Comparative European History with special interests in Labour Movements and the Bourgeoisie, Urban Cultural History in 19th Century Europe, Modern Liberalism". At the University of Manchester, Breuilly still regarded himself primarily as a historian of Germany when he became interested in nationalisms. He realised that the only way the book he was looking for on the subject would exist, was if he wrote it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurocentrism
Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) refers to viewing Western world, the West as the center of world events or superior to other cultures. The exact scope of Eurocentrism varies from the entire Western world to just the continent of Europe or even more narrowly, to Western Europe#Cold War, Western Europe (especially during the Cold War). When the term is applied historically, it may be used in reference to the presentation of the European perspective on history as Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)#In history and historiography, objective or absolute, or to an Apologia#Modern analysis, apologetic stance toward European colonialism and other forms of imperialism. The term "Eurocentrism" dates back to the late 1970s but it did not become prevalent until the 1990s, when it was frequently applied in the context of decolonization and development aid, development and humanitarian aid that industrialised countries offered to developing countries. The term ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elie Kedourie
Elie Kedourie (25 January 1926, Baghdad – 29 June 1992, Washington) was a British historian of the Middle East. He wrote from a perspective that dissented from many points of view taken as orthodox in the field. From 1953 to 1990, he taught at the London School of Economics, where he became Professor of Politics. Kedourie was famous for his rejection of what he called the "Chatham House version" of history, which viewed the story of the modern Middle East as one of continuous victimisation at the hands of the West, and instead castigated left-wing Western intellectuals for what he regarded as a naively romantic view of Islam. Early life Kedourie was born in Baghdad, and was of Iraqi-Jewish origin. He grew up in the Jewish quarter of Baghdad, attending the Collège A.D. Sassoon (run by the Alliance Israelite Universelle), and then Shamash School. He was later educated at the London School of Economics, where he received his undergraduate degree, and at St Antony's Coll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liah Greenfeld
Liah Greenfeld (born 22 August 1954) is an Israeli-American Russian-Jewish interdisciplinary scholar engaged in the scientific explanation of human social reality on various levels, beginning with the individual mind and ending with the level of civilization. She has been called "the most iconoclastic" of contemporary sociologists and that her approach represents the major alternative to the mainstream approaches in social science. Biography Liah Greenfeld was born in Vladivostok, USSR, in 1954. Both her parents (Vladimir/Ze’ev Grinfeld and Viktoria Kirshenblat) were physicians, educated in Leningrad, who worked in the first hospital opened in the port of Nakhodka. They asked to be sent to the Far East to be near her father's parents: her paternal grandfather, in the GULAG in the Arctic since 1938 and just released, was there in exile. This grandfather, , was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet diplomat and movie producer, political prisoner in both Tsarist and Soviet Russia. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adrian Hastings
Adrian Hastings (23 June 1929 – 30 May 2001) was a Catholic Church, Roman Catholic priest, historian and author. He wrote a book about the Wiriyamu Massacre during the Mozambican War of Independence and became an influential scholar of Christian history in Africa. His 1997 book ''The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism'' posits that the concept of nationhood has historical roots that extend back to the medieval period, rather than being a solely modern phenomenon. He challenges the prevailing view that nations and nationalism emerged primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hastings emphasizes the role of religion, particularly Christianity, in shaping national identities. He argues that the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages played a crucial role in fostering a sense of national consciousness and community. Hastings also explores the significant influence of the Jews, Jewish people on the concept of nationhood. He suggests that t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnosymbolism
Ethnosymbolism is a school of thought in the study of nationalism that stresses the importance of symbols, myths, values and traditions in the formation and persistence of the modern nation state. Developed as a critique of modernist theories of nationalism, ethnosymbolism emphasizes historical roots of nations in drawing on ethnic symbols, myths, values and traditions inherited from earlier ages. Like the modernists, and in contrast to primordialists, ethnosymbolist scholars agree nationalism is a distinctly modern phenomena. The term was first used as "ethno-symbolist approach" in an article by Daniele Conversi, Smith's former student at the London School of Economics. However, Conversi was slightly critical, arguing: "if we focus exclusively on the power of the past and its symbols, we miss two other key features of nationalism: first, its relationship with political power, and particularly with the state; second, its crucial border-generating function". John A. Armstro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
