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Methoxyacrylates
Methoxyacrylates (more precisely β-methoxyacrylates) are a group of organic compounds primarily used as fungicides. They comprise an Acrylic acid, acrylic acid ester unit that also includes a methoxy group, making them a type of enol ether. Structure and effect The methoxyacrylate group is derived from strobilurins. Strobilurins feature a diene unit, which renders them only slightly photostable. In their synthetic analogs, this diene unit is typically replaced by other structural elements, usually aromatic rings. Methoxyacrylates inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, thereby blocking electron transport and the respiratory chain in the mitochondrion of fungi. Specifically, the active ingredients bind to the binding site for the oxidation of ubiquinol. The interruption of the respiratory chain prevents the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, leads to energy deficiency and thus to the death of the fungi. The methoxyacrylate unit is critical to this inhibitory effect, which is why the a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azoxystrobin
Azoxystrobin is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide widely used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed in 1996 using the brand name Amistar and by 1999 it had been registered in 48 countries on more than 50 crops. In the year 2000 it was announced that it had been granted UK Millennium product status. History In 1977, academic research groups in Germany published details of two new antifungal antibiotics they had isolated from the basidiomycete fungus '' Strobilurus tenacellus''. They named these strobilurin A and B but did not provide detailed structures, only data based on their high-resolution mass spectra, which showed that the simpler of the two had molecular formula C16H18O3. In the following year, further details including structures were published and a related fungicide, oudemansin A from the fungus '' Oudemansiella mucida'', whose identity had been determined by X-ray crystallography, was disclosed. When the fungicidal effects ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyraclostrobin
Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor ( QI)-type fungicide used in agriculture. Among the QIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class. Use Pyraclostrobin is used to protect ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'', blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.), and '' Pistachio vera''. Target pathogens Pyraclostrobin is used against ''Botrytis cinerea'' and ''Alternaria alternata''. Resistance Resistant populations have been identified in: *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in the Carolinas, conferred by the G143A mutation in the partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'', and blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.) in Northern Germany. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in Florida. *''Alternaria alternata'' on '' Pistachio vera'' in California. Geography of use United States Pyraclostrobin was widely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Esters
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom chemical bond, bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (whereas normal methane has the formula ). In chemical formula, formulas, the group is often skeletal formula#Pseudoelement symbols, abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (), methylium cation () or methyl radical (chemistry), radical (). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the cation six. All three forms are highly reactive and rarely observed. Methyl cation, anion, and radical Methyl cation The methylium cation () exists in the gas phase, but is otherwise not encountered. Some compounds are considered to be sources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylate Esters
In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, (or ). It is an anion, an ion with negative charge. Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula , where M is a metal and ''n'' is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula (also written as ), where R and R′ are organic groups. Synthesis Carboxylate ions can be formed by deprotonation of carboxylic acids. Such acids typically have p''K''a of less than 5, meaning that they can be deprotonated by many bases, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. : Resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion (proton), much more readily than alcohols do (into an alkoxide ion and a proton), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by resonance. The negative charge that is left after deprotonation of the carboxyl group is delocalized between the two electronegativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
