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Metanx
Metanx is a prescription medical food made by Alfasigma that contains L-methylfolate (as Metafolin, a calcium salt of vitamin B9), methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin B6). It is a vitamin B supplement. Metanx is indicated for the dietary management of peripheral neuropathy (i.e. DPN). Ingredients Metanx contains the following active ingredients (per capsule): * Folate * L-methylfolate (Metafolin): 3 mg * Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate: 35 mg * Methylcobalamin: 2 mg (Google Books) Indication and usage Metanx is used for treating: * Painful diabetic neuropathy, (Google Books) * Diabetic foot ulcers, * Endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, * Hyperhomocysteinemia Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of total homocysteine (that is, including homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine disulfide) in the blood, conventionally described as above 15 μmol/L. As .... Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfasigma
Alfasigma USA, Inc. (''formerly'' Pamlab) is an American medical food company, and a division of Alfasigma Group, of Bologna, Italy. Alfasigma's base of operations is located in Bedminster, New Jersey. History The company entered the pharmaceutical industry in 1957, initially introducing prescription cough/cold products. In 1987, Pamlab was purchased by Samuel and Judith Camp. In early 2013, Pamlab was purchased by Nestlé Health Science. In December 2016, Pamlab was purchased by Alfasigma Group of Bologna, Italy. Legal actions Alfasigma USA, Inc. was sued by ExeGi Pharma LLC and the Italian inventor of probiotic VSL#3, Claudio De Simone, for making false advertising claims and ownership rights to VSL#3. According to court documents: "Defendant VSL Inc., and its licensees Alfasigma and Leadiant, having lost the right to sell the De Simone Formulation, decided to manufacture, market, and sell a different, inferior formulation (the “Fraudulent Formulation”) without cond ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L-methylfolate
Levomefolic acid (INN, also known as L-5-MTHF, L-methylfolate and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate and (6''S'')-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and (6''S'')-5-MTHF) is the primary biologically active form of folate used at the cellular level for DNA reproduction, the cysteine cycle and the regulation of homocysteine. It is also the form found in circulation and transported across membranes into tissues and across the blood–brain barrier. In the cell, L-methylfolate is used in the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). THF is the immediate acceptor of one carbon unit for the synthesis of thymidine-DNA, purines (RNA and DNA) and methionine. The un-methylated form, folic acid (vitamin B9), is a synthetic form of folate, and must undergo enzymatic reduction by dihydrofolate reductase ( DHFR) to become biologically active. Systematic reviews suggest that adjunctive L-methylfolate modestly improves symptoms in major depressive disorder. It is synthesized in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitamin
Vitamins are Organic compound, organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamer, vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolism, metabolic function. Nutrient#Essential nutrients, Essential nutrients cannot be biosynthesis, synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the Diet (nutrition), diet. For example, vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The term ''vitamin'' does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: mineral (nutrient), minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Major health organizations list thirteen vitamins: * Vitamin A (all-' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Food
Medical food is food that is specially formulated and intended for the dietary management of a disease that has distinctive nutritional needs that cannot be met by normal diet alone. In the United States, it was defined in the Food and Drug Administration's 1988 Orphan Drug Act Amendments and subject to the general food and safety labeling requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority established definitions for "foods for special medical purposes" (FSMPs) in 2015. Definition Medical foods, called "food for special medical purposes" in Europe, are distinct from the broader category of foods for special dietary use, from traditional foods that bear a health claim, and from dietary supplements. In order to be considered a medical food the product must, at a minimum: * be a food for oral ingestion or tube feeding ( nasogastric tube) * be labeled for the dietary management of a specific medical disorder, disease or condition fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB) is a cobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, vitamin B. It differs from cyanocobalamin in that the cyanide, cyano group at the cobalt is replaced with a methyl group. Methylcobalamin features an octahedral cobalt(III) centre and can be obtained as bright red crystals. From the perspective of coordination chemistry, methylcobalamin is notable as a rare example of a compound that contains metal–alkyl bonds. Nickel–methyl intermediates have been proposed for the final step of methanogenesis. __TOC__ Production Methylcobalamin can be produced in the laboratory by reducing cyanocobalamin with sodium borohydride in alkaline solution, followed by the addition of methyl iodide. Functions This vitamer, along with adenosylcobalamin, is one of two active coenzymes used by vitamin B-dependent enzymes and is the specific vitamin B form used by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), also known as methionine synthase. Met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent activities, corresponding to ~4% of all classified activities. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates. Role as a coenzyme PLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in certain decarboxylation, deamination, and racemization reactions of amino acids. The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage (internal aldimine) with the ε-amino group of a specific lysine group of the aminotransferase enzyme. The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the ε-amino group of the active-site lysine residue in a process known as transaldimination. The resulting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folate
Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolise amino acids necessary for cell division and maturation of blood cells. As the human body cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient. It occurs naturally in many foods. The recommended adult daily intake of folate in the U.S. is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements. Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby. NTDs include anencephaly and spina bifida, among other defects. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy includes various types of nerve damage associated with diabetes mellitus. The most common form, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, affects 30% of all diabetic patients. Studies suggests that cutaneous nerve branches, such as the sural nerve, are involved in more than half of patients with diabetes 10 years after the diagnosis and can be detected with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Symptoms depend on the site of nerve damage and can include motor changes such as weakness; sensory symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain; or autonomic changes such as urinary symptoms. These changes are thought to result from a microvascular disease, microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (vasa nervorum). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include distal symmetric polyneuropathy; Oculomotor nerve palsy, third, Fourth nerve palsy, fourth, or Sixth nerve palsy, sixth cranial nerve palsy; mononeuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chronic Wound
A chronic wound is a wound A wound is any disruption of or damage to living tissue, such as skin, mucous membranes, or organs. Wounds can either be the sudden result of direct trauma (mechanical, thermal, chemical), or can develop slowly over time due to underlying diseas ... that does not progress through the normal stages of wound healing—haemostasis, inflammation, Cell proliferation, proliferation, and Tissue remodeling, remodeling—in a predictable and timely manner. Typically, wounds that do not heal within three months are classified as chronic. Chronic wounds may remain in the inflammatory phase due to factors like infection or bacterial burden, Ischemia, ischaemia, presence of necrotic tissue, improper moisture balance of wound site, or underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus. In acute wounds, a regulated balance of Proinflammatory cytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines (signalling molecules) and Protease, proteases (enzymes) prevent the degradation of the extra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endothelial Dysfunction
In blood vessel diseases, endothelial dysfunction is an unhealthy state of the the cells that line the blood vessels (endothelium). The main cause of endothelial dysfunction is impaired bioavailability of nitric oxide. In addition to acting as a semipermeable membrane, the endothelium is responsible for maintaining vascular tone and regulating oxidative stress by releasing mediators, such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelin, and by controlling local angiotensin-II activity. Dysfunctional endothelium is characterized by constricted blood vessels, increased ability of chemicals to flow through blood vessel walls, blood clots, and inflammation. This pathological state is often associated with elevated levels of biomarkers such as prothrombin time, D-dimer, von Willebrand factor, fibrin degradation products, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and plasma creatinine. The result of this endothelial dysregulation is a cascade of harmful effects, inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves. Damage to nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland function, and/or organ function depending on which nerve fibers are affected. Neuropathies affecting motor, sensory, or autonomic nerve fibers result in different symptoms. More than one type of fiber may be affected simultaneously. Peripheral neuropathy may be acute (with sudden onset, rapid progress) or chronic (symptoms begin subtly and progress slowly), and may be reversible or permanent. Common causes include systemic diseases (such as diabetes or leprosy), hyperglycemia-induced glycation, vitamin deficiency, medication (e.g., chemotherapy, or commonly prescribed antibiotics including metronidazole and the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics (such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin)), traumatic injury, ischemia, radiation therapy, excessive alcohol consumption, immune system disease, celiac disease, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of total homocysteine (that is, including homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine disulfide) in the blood, conventionally described as above 15 μmol/L. As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of vitamin B6, folic acid (vitamin B9), and vitamin B12 can lead to high homocysteine levels. Other possible causes of hyperhomocysteinemia include genetics, excessive methionine intake, and other diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia is typically managed with vitamin B6, vitamin B9 and vitamin B12 supplementation. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; supplements of these vitamins may slightly reduce stroke outcome but not myocardial infarction, death from any cause or adverse events. Signs and symptoms Elevated levels of homocysteine have been associated with a number of disease states: more than 100 adverse outcomes have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
