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Marca Hispanica
The Spanish March or Hispanic March was a march or military buffer zone established c. 795 by Charlemagne in the eastern Pyrenees and nearby areas, to protect the new territories of the Christian Carolingian Empire—the Duchy of Gascony, the Duchy of Aquitaine, and Septimania—from the Muslim Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in al-Andalus. In its broader meaning, the ''Spanish March'' sometimes refers to a group of early Iberian and trans-Pyrenean lordships or counts coming under Frankish rule. As time passed, these lordships merged or gained independence from Frankish imperial rule. Geographical context The area of the Spanish March broadly corresponds to the eastern regions between the Pyrenees and the Ebro. The local population of the march was diverse. It included Basques in its northwestern valleys, the Jews of Occitania, and a large Occitano-Romance-speaking population governed by the Visigothic Code, all of them under the influence of al-Andalus since their lords had v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marca Hispánica 814
Marca may refer to: Places * Marca, Sălaj, a commune in Sălaj County, Romania * Marca, a tributary of the Barcău in Sălaj County, Romania * an alternative name for Merca, Somalia * Marca District, in the province Recuay, Peru * Marçà, a village of about 600 near Falset, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain * Eparchy of Marča, historical Orthodox bishopric in Croatia Regions (marches) * Marca is the Latin term for border regions known as a Marks or Marches * Marca Aleramica, created in 961 in western Liguria and named after Aleramo * Marca Anconetana, created in 1198 and centred on Macerata in eastern central Italy * Marca di Ancona, the March of Ancona, an alternative name for the Marca Anconetana * Marca Arduinica, or march of Turin, founded in 941 and named after Arduin Glaber * Marca Geronis, a tenth-century march in Saxony, centred on Merseburg * Marca Hispanica, or Spanish March, or March of Barcelona, created in 795 * Marca Januensis, centred on Genoa, an alternative n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Visigothic Code
The ''Visigothic Code'' (, or Book of the Judgements; ), also called ''Lex Visigothorum'' (English: ''Law of the Visigoths''), is a set of laws first promulgated by king Chindasuinth (642–653 AD) of the Visigothic Kingdom in his second year of rule (642–643) that survives only in fragments. In 654 his son, king Recceswinth (649–672), published the enlarged law code, which was the first law code that applied equally to the conquering Goths and the general population, of which the majority had Roman roots, and had lived under Roman laws. The code abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Romans (''leges romanae'') and Visigoths (''leges barbarorum''), and under it all the subjects of the Visigothic kingdom would stop being ''romani'' and ''gothi'' instead becoming ''hispani''. In this way, all subjects of the kingdom were gathered under the same jurisdiction, eliminating social and legal differences, and allowing greater assimilation of the populations. As su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peralada
Peralada () is a village in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It was the home of the Frankish Counts of Peralada who controlled this portion of the Marca Hispanica before becoming part of the lands held by the Count of Barcelona. Figueres is 6.5 km to the west, Roses 13.6 km to the south east. The N-260 to the south connects Figueres with Portbou and the French border. The local economy is based on tourism, winemaking and dairy farming. Since 1987 a festival of music called '' Festival Internacional de Música "Castell de Peralada"'', focused on lyrical productions and opera Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...s, has been held in Peralada. Main sights * The castle, restored in the 19th century in French style. *Parish church of St. Martin (18th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerdanya
Cerdanya (; , ; , ) or often La Cerdanya is a natural region, natural comarca and historical region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain. Historically it was one of the Catalan counties, counties of Catalonia. Cerdanya has a land area of , divided almost evenly between Spain (50.3%) and France (49.7%). In 2001 its population was approximately 26,500, of whom 53% lived on Spanish territory. Its population density is 24 residents per km² (63 per sq. mile). The only urban area in Cerdanya is the cross-border urban area of Puigcerdà-Bourg-Madame, which contained 10,900 inhabitants in 2001. The area enjoys a high annual amount of sunshine – around 3,000 hours per year. For this reason, pioneering large-scale solar power projects have been built in several locations in French Cerdagne, including Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via, the Themis (solar power plant), Themis plant near Targassonne, and Mont-Louis Solar Furnace in Mont-Louis. History Antiquity The first inh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urgell
Urgell (), also known as ''Baix Urgell'' (''baix'' meaning "lower", by contrast with Alt Urgell "Upper Urgell"), is a ''comarca'' (county) in Ponent, Catalonia (Spain), forming only a borderland portion of the region historically known as Urgell, one of the Catalan counties. The capital is the city of Tàrrega. Municipalities See also * Counts of Urgell * County of Urgell * La Seu d'Urgell * Pla d'Urgell Pla d'Urgell () is a comarca (county) in the Ponent region of Catalonia, Spain. The capital is the city of Mollerussa Mollerussa () is the capital of the '' comarca'' of Pla d'Urgell, in the province of Lleida, Catalonia Catalonia is a ... * Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell References External linksOfficial comarcal site (in Catalan) {{Coord, 41, 39, 44, N, 1, 05, 09, E, region:ES-CT_type:adm2nd_source:cawiki, display=title Comarques of the Province of Lleida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Of Pallars
The County of Pallars or Pallás (, ; ) was a ''de facto'' independent petty state, nominally within the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia during the ninth and tenth centuries, perhaps one of the Catalan counties, originally part of the Marca Hispanica in the ninth century. It was coterminous with the upper Noguera Pallaresa valley from the crest of the Pyrenees to the village of Tremp, comprising the Vall d'Àneu, Vall de Cardós, Vall Ferrera, the right bank of the Noguera Ribagorçana, and the valley of the Flamicell. It roughly corresponded with the historic region of Catalonia called Pallars. Its chief city was Sort, Lleida, Sort. Carolingian foundations The early history of Pallars, which was the easternmost extent of Basque people, Basque settlement, is linked to that of its western neighbour, County of Ribagorza, Ribagorza. Both territories, nominally lands of the Moors, came under the sway of the count of Toulouse perhaps as early as 781, perhaps as late as the start ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andorra
Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a Sovereignty, sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees in Southwestern Europe, Andorra–France border, bordered by France to the north and Spain to Andorra–Spain border, the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the Counts of Urgell, count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by Paréage of Andorra 1278, a charter in 1278. It is currently headed by two co-princes: the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the president of France. Its capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella. Andorra is the European microstates, fifth-smallest state in Europe, with an area of and a population of approximately 87,486. The Andorran people are a Italic peoples, Romance ethnic group closely related to Catalans. Andorra is the world's List of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principality Of Catalonia
The Principality of Catalonia (; ; ; ) was a Middle Ages, medieval and early modern state (polity), state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The term Principality of Catalonia was official until the 1830s, when the Spanish government implemented the centralized provincial division, but remained in popular and informal contexts. Today, the term ''Principat'' (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries, and often including the historical region of Roussillon in Southern France. The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wali (administrative Title)
''Wāli'', ''Wā'lī'' or ''vali'' (from ''Wālī'') is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim world (including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates and the Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions. It is still in use in some countries influenced by Arab or Muslim culture. The division that a ''Wāli'' governs is called ''Wilayah'', or ''Vilayet'' (Ottoman Empire). Algerian term In Algeria, a ''wāli'' is the "governor" and administrative head of each of the 58 provinces of the country, and is chosen by the president. Iranian term In Iran, ''Vāli'' refers to the governor-general or local lord of an important province. During the Safavid reign 1501-1722 the former rulers of the then subordinated provinces of the Georgian Kartli and Kakheti kingdom, the Kurdish emirate of Ardalan, the chiefs of Lorestān Province and of Khuzestan province in western Iran were regarded as hereditary governor-generals titled ''Vāli'' equal t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counts
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1992. p. 73. . Especially in earlier medieval periods the term often implied not only a certain status, but also that the ''count'' had specific responsibilities or offices. The etymologically related English term "county" denoted the territories associated with some countships, but not all. The title of ''count'' is typically not used in England or English-speaking countries, and the term ''earl'' is used instead. A female holder of the title is still referred to as a ''countess'', however. Origin of the term The word ''count'' came into English from the French ', itself from Latin '—in its accusative form ''comitem''. It meant "companion" or "attendant", and as a title it indicated that someone was delegated to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribagorza (comarca)
Ribagorza (, ) or Ribagorça (; ) is a ''Comarcas of Aragon, comarca'' (administrative subdivision) in Aragon, Spain, situated in the north-east of the province of Huesca. It borders the Departments of France, French ''département'' of the Haute-Garonne to the north and Catalonia (the ''comarques'' of Val d'Aran, Alta Ribagorça, Pallars Jussà, and Noguera (comarca), Noguera) to the east. Within Aragon its neighboring ''comarcas'' are Sobrarbe, Somontano de Barbastro, and La Litera. It roughly corresponds to the Aragonese part of the medieval County of Ribagorza. The administrative capital of Ribagorza is Graus, although the historical capital of the county was at Benabarre. The Ribagorçan dialect is a transitional Aragonese language, Aragonese–Catalan language, Catalan dialect spoken in the western part of the ''comarca''. Municipalities in the eastern part, bordering Catalonia, are part of La Franja, a geolinguistic area, where the local language is a variety of Catalan. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girona
Girona (; ) is the capital city of the Province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 106,476 in 2024, but the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020). Girona is also capital of the ''comarca'' of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular tourist destination. The city is located northeast of Barcelona. History The first historical inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda, a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of ''Gerunda''. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors in 715. Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original counties of Catalonia. It was sacked by the Moors in 827, 842 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
