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Magic Truffle
Magic truffles are the sclerotia of psilocybin mushrooms that are not technically the same as "mushrooms". They are masses of mycelium that contain the fruiting body which contains the hallucinogenic chemicals psilocybin and psilocin. In October 2007, the prohibition of hallucinogenic or "magic mushrooms" was announced by the Dutch authorities. The ban on mushrooms did not outlaw the hallucinogenic species in sclerotium form, due to authorities believing it to be weaker than the mushrooms. Psilocybin truffles which once made little sales became the only legal option to produce. Today, smart shops in the Netherlands offer magic truffles as a legal alternative to the outlawed mushrooms. Addiction and Tolerance Physical addiction to magic truffles has never been documented. As the psychoactive constituent of magic truffles is psilocybin, the prodrug to psilocin, addiction is not possible by conventional definitions. Additionally, there is strong evidence to suggest there is littl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paddo Products Warmoesstraat Amsterdam April 2007
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain psilocybin which turns into psilocin upon ingestion. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include ''Psilocybe'', ''Panaeolus'' (including ''Copelandia''), ''Inocybe'', ''Pluteus'', ''Gymnopilus'', and ''Pholiotina''. Psilocybin mushrooms have been and continue to be used in indigenous New World cultures in religious, divinatory, or spiritual contexts. Psilocybin mushrooms are also used as recreational drugs. They may be depicted in Stone Age rock art in Africa and Europe, but are most famously represented in the Pre-Columbian sculptures and glyphs seen throughout North, Central and South America. History Early Prehistoric rock arts near Villar del Humo in Spain, suggests that ''Psilocybe hispanica'' was used in religious rituals 6,000 years ago. The hallucinogenic species of the Psilocybe genus have a history of use among the native peoples of Mes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-HT2A Receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The 5-HT2A receptor is a cell surface receptor, but has several intracellular locations. 5-HT is short for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine or serotonin. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT2A may also have an inhibitory effect on certain areas such as the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones. Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotics. Suicidal and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mushroom Tea
Mushroom tea is an infusion of mushrooms in water, made by using edible/medicinal mushrooms (such as lingzhi mushroom) or psychedelic mushrooms (such as ''Psilocybe cubensis''). The active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms is psilocybin, while the active ingredients in medicinal mushrooms are thought to be beta-glucans. Korea In Korea, mushroom teas known as ''beoseot-cha'' ( ) are made from edible mushrooms such as black hoof mushroom, lingzhi mushroom, oyster mushroom, scaly hedgehog, and shiitake mushroom. * '' Neungi-cha'' () – scaly hedgehog tea * '' Neutari-cha'' () – oyster mushroom tea * '' Pyogo-cha'' () – shiitake mushroom tea * '' Sanghwang-cha'' () – black hoof mushroom tea * '' Yeongji-cha'' () – lingzhi mushroom tea See also * Kombucha (tea mushroom) *Psychedelic mushrooms Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain psilocybin which turns into psilocin upon ingestion. Biol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Policy Of The Netherlands
While recreational use, possession and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law, official policy since the late 20th century has been to openly tolerate all recreational use while tolerating the other two under certain circumstances. This pragmatic approach was motivated by the idea that a drug-free Dutch society is unrealistic and unattainable, and efforts would be better spent trying to minimize harm caused by recreational drug use. As a result of this ''gedoogbeleid'' (lit. "tolerance policy" or "policy of tolerance"), the Netherlands is typically seen as much more tolerant of drugs than most other countries. Legal distinctions are made in the Opium Law between drugs with a low risk of harm and/or addiction, called soft drugs, and drugs with a high risk of harm and/or addiction, called hard drugs. Soft drugs include hash, marijuana, sleeping pills and sedatives, while hard drugs include heroin, cocaine, ampheta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Pajaritos
''Psilocybe'' ( ) is a genus of gilled mushrooms, growing worldwide, in the family Hymenogastraceae. Most or nearly all species contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Taxonomy Taxonomic history A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics indicated that the genus ''Psilocybe'' as then defined was polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other. The blue-staining hallucinogenic species constituted one clade and the non-bluing species the other. The previous type species of the genus, ''Psilocybe '' (now Deconica montana), was in the non-bluing clade, but in 2010 the type species was changed to '' P. semilanceata'', a member of the bluing clade. A 2006 molecular phylogenetic study of the Agaricales by Matheny and colleagues, further demonstrated the separation of the bluing and non-bluing clades of ''Psilocybe'' in a larger, strongly supported phylogenetic tree of the Agaricales. ''Psilocybe'' had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Atlantis
''Psilocybe atlantis'' is a rare psychedelic mushroom that contains psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is a close relative of ''Psilocybe mexicana'' and has been recorded only from Georgia. It has a pleasant taste and smell. While naturally rare it is often cultivated for its psychedelic properties. Description The cap is 2.5–4 cm in diameter, conic to convex, and smooth to slightly striate, sometimes with a small umbo. The cap surface is pale brown to reddish brown in color, hygrophanous, and bruises blue where damaged. Its gills are subadnate, thin, and brown. The stipe is 5 cm by .3 cm. It has an equal structure and is brownish with small brown scales, especially towards the base. The stipe also bruises blue where damaged. ''Psilocybe atlantis'' spores are 9 x 6 x 5.5 μm with a broad germ pore. Distribution and habitat ''Psilocybe atlantis'' has been found in grassy lawns and vacant lots in Fulton County, Georgia Fulton Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Galindoi
''Psilocybe galindoi'' is a psychedelic mushroom in the section Mexicana, having psilocybin and psilocin as its main active compounds. It is also known as ''Psilocybe galindii''. The species was named in honor of Mr. Carlos Galindo Arias and his family by Dr. Gastón Guzmán. Description *Cap: 1.9 – 2 cm in diameter, conic to campanulate or umbonate, with a very slight papilla, glabrous, even to striate when moist, hygrophanous, brown or yellowish brown fading to pale ochraceous or straw color. Staining blue-green where injured. *Gills: Adnate, brown to dark purple brown, with whitish edges. *Stipe: 5 — 6.5 cm x 1 – 2 mm, equal, hollow, no annulus, reddish brown in the middle, darker towards the base with long rhizomorphic strands. Veil inconspicuous, except for some white appressed silky fibrils on the pileus. *Spores: Dark purple gray in deposit. (8.1)9.6 — 12(14) x 7.1 — 8 µm, subrhomboid in face view or subellipsoid in side view(around 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Tampanensis
''Psilocybe tampanensis'' is a very rare psychedelic mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. Originally collected in the wild in a sandy meadow near Tampa, Florida, in 1977, the fungus would not be found in Florida again until 44 years later. The original Florida specimen was cloned, and descendants remain in wide circulation. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are yellowish-brown in color with convex to conic caps up to in diameter atop a thin stem up to long. ''Psilocybe tampanensis'' forms psychoactive truffle-like sclerotia that are known and sold under the nickname "philosopher's stones". The fruit bodies and sclerotia are consumed by some for recreational or entheogenic purposes. In nature, sclerotia are produced by the fungus as a rare form of protection from wildfires and other natural disasters. Taxonomy The species was described scientifically by Steven H. Pollock and Mexican mycologist and ''Psilocybe'' authority Gastón Guzmán in a 1978 '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Mexicana
''Psilocybe mexicana'' is a psychedelic mushroom. Its first known usage was by the natives of North and Central America over 2,000 years ago. Known to the Aztecs as teotlnanácatl, from the Nahuatl ''teotl'' ("god") + ''nanácatl'' ("fungus"). This species was categorized by French botanist Roger Heim. It was from this species that Dr. Albert Hofmann, working with specimens grown in his Sandoz laboratory, first isolated and named the active entheogenic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. Uncertain of whether or not the artificially cultivated mushrooms would retain their natural psychoactive properties, Dr. Hofmann consumed 32 specimens. The following is his account of the experience, published in his classic text, ''The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens'': As I was perfectly aware that my knowledge of the Mexican origin of the mushrooms would lead me to imagine only Mexican scenery, I tried deliberately to look on my environment as I knew it normally. But all voluntary effo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cross-tolerance
Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects—for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters. Cross-tolerance has been observed with pharmaceutical drugs such as anti-anxiety agents and illicit substances, and sometimes the two of them together. Often, a person who uses one drug can be tolerant to a drug that has a completely different function.Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behavior. New York: Worth Publishers, 2014. Print. This phenomenon allows one to become tolerant to a drug that they have never used before. Drug classifications and cross-tolerance Anxiolytics and sedatives Excitation of the GABA receptor produces an influx of negatively charged chloride ions, which hyperpolarizes the neuron and makes it less likely to give rise to an a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Tolerance
Drug tolerance or drug insensitivity is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Increasing its dosage may re-amplify the drug's effects; however, this may accelerate tolerance, further reducing the drug's effects. Drug tolerance is indicative of drug use but is not necessarily associated with drug dependence or addiction. The process of tolerance development is reversible (e.g., through a drug holiday) and can involve both physiological factors and psychological factors. One may also develop drug tolerance to side effects, in which case tolerance is a desirable characteristic. A medical intervention that has an objective to increase tolerance (e.g., allergen immunotherapy, in which one is exposed to larger and larger amounts of allergen to decrease one's allergic reactions) is called drug desensitization. The opposite concept to drug tolerance is drug reverse tolerance (or drug sensitization), in which cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerotium
A sclerotium (; (), is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favorable growth conditions return. Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until Louis René Tulasne proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the life cycle of some fungi. Further investigation showed that this stage appears in many fungi belonging to many diverse groups. Sclerotia are important in the understanding of the life cycle and reproduction of fungi, as a food source, as medicine (for example, ergotamine), and in agricultural blight management. Examples of fungi that form sclerotia are ergot ('' Claviceps purpurea''), ''Polyporus tuberaster'', '' Psilocybe mexicana'', '' Sclerotium delphinii'' and many species in Sclerotiniaceae. Although not fungal, the plasmodium of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
