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Magic truffles are the
sclerotia A sclerotium (; (), is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favor ...
of
psilocybin mushrooms Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain psilocybin which turns into psilocin upon ingestion. Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include ''Psilocybe'', '' P ...
that are not technically the same as "mushrooms". They are masses of
mycelium Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates in ...
that contain the fruiting body which contains the hallucinogenic chemicals
psilocybin Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P.&n ...
and
psilocin Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated cou ...
. In October 2007, the prohibition of
hallucinogenic Hallucinogens are a large, diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. Most hallucinogens can be categorize ...
or "magic mushrooms" was announced by the Dutch authorities. The ban on mushrooms did not outlaw the hallucinogenic species in sclerotium form, due to authorities believing it to be weaker than the mushrooms. Psilocybin truffles which once made little sales became the only legal option to produce. Today,
smart shop A smart shop (or smartshop) is a retail establishment that specializes in the sale of psychoactive substances, usually including psychedelics, as well as related literature and paraphernalia. The name derives from the name " smart drugs", a clas ...
s in the Netherlands offer magic truffles as a legal alternative to the outlawed mushrooms.


Addiction and Tolerance

Physical addiction to magic truffles has never been documented. As the psychoactive constituent of magic truffles is psilocybin, the prodrug to
psilocin Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated cou ...
, addiction is not possible by conventional definitions. Additionally, there is strong evidence to suggest there is little to no potential for psychological dependence on psilocybin. Tolerance to magic truffles specifically is not well researched. However, tolerance to psilocybin is a well understood concept, with repeatedly higher doses being needed in order to achieve the same effect, due to the down regulation of 5HT2A receptors. There is also documented
cross-tolerance Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects—for example, acting on the same cell receptor ...
between psilocybin and LSD, meaning that a higher dose of these substances is needed to get the same effect when a person consumes them with high frequency. Through temporary abstinence the tolerance returns to baseline.


Species

There are five different types of truffles: ''
Psilocybe mexicana ''Psilocybe mexicana'' is a psychedelic mushroom. Its first known usage was by the natives of North and Central America over 2,000 years ago. Known to the Aztecs as teotlnanácatl, from the Nahuatl ''teotl'' ("god") + ''nanácatl'' ("fungus"). T ...
'' (Jalisco/Mexicana A), '' Psilocybe tampanensis'', ''
Psilocybe galindoi ''Psilocybe galindoi'' is a psychedelic mushroom in the section Mexicana, having psilocybin and psilocin as its main active compounds. It is also known as ''Psilocybe galindii''. The species was named in honor of Mr. Carlos Galindo Arias and ...
'', ''
Psilocybe atlantis ''Psilocybe atlantis'' is a rare psychedelic mushroom that contains psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is a close relative of ''Psilocybe mexicana'' and has been recorded only from Georgia. It has a pleasant taste and smell ...
'' and '' Psilocybe pajaritos''


See also

*
Drug policy of the Netherlands While recreational use, possession and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law, official policy since the late 20th century has been to openly tolerate all recreational use while ...
*
Mushroom tea Mushroom tea is an infusion of mushrooms in water, made by using edible/medicinal mushrooms (such as lingzhi mushroom) or psychedelic mushrooms (such as ''Psilocybe cubensis''). The active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms is psilocybin, while t ...


References

{{reflist Drug culture Psychoactive fungi