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Machiavellianism In The Workplace
Machiavellianism in the workplace is a concept studied by many organizational psychologists. Conceptualized originally by Richard Christie and Florence Geis, Machiavellianism in psychology refers to a personality trait construct based on a cold, callous and exploitative orientation. It has been adapted and applied to the context of the workplace and organizations by psychology academics. Oliver James wrote on the effects of Machiavellianism and other dark triad personality traits in the workplace, the others being narcissism and psychopathy. Characteristics Research has identified several characteristic unethical behaviors that commonly manifest in those who score high in Machiavellianism, including engaging in theft, practicing deception and dishonesty, deliberately sabotaging others' work, and participating in various forms of cheating to gain advantages. High Machs can exhibit high levels of charisma, and their leadership can be beneficial in some areas. The presence of Mach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizational Psychologist
Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O psychology) "focuses the lens of psychological science on a key aspect of human life, namely, their work lives. In general, the goals of I-O psychology are to better understand and optimize the effectiveness, health, and well-being of both individuals and organizations." It is an applied discipline within psychology and is an international profession. I-O psychology is also known as occupational psychology in the United Kingdom, organisational psychology in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, and work and organizational (WO) psychology throughout Europe and Brazil. Industrial, work, and organizational (IWO) psychology is the broader, more global term for the science and profession.Spector P. E. (2021). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. I-O psychologists are trained in the scientist–practitioner model. As an applied psychology field, the discipline involves both rese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Influence
Social influence comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience (human behavior), obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. Typically social influence results from a specific action, command, or request, but people also alter their attitudes and behaviors in response to what they perceive others might do or think. In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence. #Compliance (psychology), Compliance is when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. #Identification (psychology), Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. #Internalisation (sociology), Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately. Morton Deu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism may refer to: *Machiavellianism (politics), the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli, usually associated with various forms of political realism. *Machiavellianism (psychology), a scale in personality psychology that measures one's cold affect and manipulative orientation. ** Machiavellianism in the workplace ** Studies in Machiavellianism- 1970 psychology book by Richard Christie and Florence Geis See also * The Machiavellian Moment, book by John G. A. Pocock- an analysis of Machiavelli's influence after his death. *Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis In primatology, the Machiavellian intelligence or social brain hypothesis describes the capacity of primates to manoeuvre in complex social groups. The first introduction of this concept came from Frans de Waal's book ''Chimpanzee Politics'' (19 ..., concept in primatology that deals with a primate's ability to be in a successful social engagement with other groups * Machiavellian (horse), 1987� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrial And Organizational Psychology
Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O psychology) "focuses the lens of psychological science on a key aspect of human life, namely, their work lives. In general, the goals of I-O psychology are to better understand and optimize the effectiveness, health, and well-being of both individuals and organizations." It is an applied discipline within psychology and is an international profession. I-O psychology is also known as occupational psychology in the United Kingdom, organisational psychology in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, and work and organizational (WO) psychology throughout Europe and Brazil. Industrial, work, and organizational (IWO) psychology is the broader, more global term for the science and profession.Spector P. E. (2021). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. I-O psychologists are trained in the scientist–practitioner model. As an applied psychology field, the discipline involves both res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupational Health Psychology
Occupational health psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that is concerned with the health and safety of workers.Schonfeld, I.S., & Chang, C.-H. (2017). ''Occupational health psychology: Work, stress, and health''. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Houdmont, J., & Leka, S. (2010). An introduction to occupational health psychology. In S. Leka & J. Houdmont (Eds.). ''Occupational health psychology'' (pp. 1–30). John Wiley: Hoboken, NJ. OHP addresses a number of major topic areas including the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, the impact of involuntary unemployment on physical and mental health, work-family balance, workplace violence and other forms of mistreatment, psychosocial workplace factors that affect accident risk and safety, and interventions designed to improve and/or protect worker health. Although OHP emerged from two distinct disciplines within applied psychology, namely, health psychology and industrial and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychopathy In The Workplace
While psychopathy, psychopaths typically represent a very small percentage of workplace staff, the presence of psychopathy in the workplace, especially within senior management, can do enormous damage. Indeed, psychopaths are usually most present at higher levels of corporate structure, and their actions often cause a ripple effect throughout an organization, setting the tone for an entire corporate culture. Examples of detrimental effects include increased Workplace bullying, bullying, workplace conflict, conflict, Occupational stress, stress, staff turnover, absenteeism, and reduction in both productivity and Corporate social responsibility, social responsibility.. Business ethics, Ethical standards of entire organisations can be badly damaged if a corporate psychopath is in charge. A 2017 UK study found that companies with leaders who show "psychopathic characteristics" destroy shareholder value, tending to have poor future returns on equity. Academics refer to psychopathic ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narcissism In The Workplace
Narcissism in the workplace involves the impact of narcissistic employees and managers in workplace settings. Job interviews Narcissists often excel in job interviews, receiving more favorable evaluations compared to non-narcissistic candidates. Typically, this is because they can make favorable first impressions, due to their high confidence, self-promotion, and charm like communication. They are more likely to exaggerate their successes and project a sense of being in control, all qualities that typically exude the status of a self-motivated leader, though that may not translate to better job performance once hired.Brunell et al., 2008 A.B. Brunell, W.A. Gentry, W.K. Campbell, B.J. Hoffman, K.W. Kuhnert, K.G. Demarree. Leader emergence: The case of the narcissistic leader. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (2008), pp. 1663–1676. Schnure, K. (2010). Narcissism 101. Industrial Engineer, 42(8), 34-39.Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptivenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abusive Supervision
Abusive supervision is most commonly studied in the context of the workplace, although it can arise in other areas such as in the household and at school. Abusive supervision has been investigated as major cause of negative outcomes in managing employees. Studies have been conducted to investigate the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events. Workplace bullying Abusive supervision overlaps with workplace bullying in the workplace context. Research suggests that 75% of workplace bullying incidents are perpetrated by hierarchically superior agents. Abusive supervision differs from related constructs such as supervisor bullying and undermining in that it does not describe the intentions or objectives of the supervisor.Tepper B. J. Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, June 2007, vol. 33, no. 3, p. 261–289. Workplace deviance Workplace deviance is closely related to abusive supervision ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hierarchical Organisation
A hierarchical organization or hierarchical organisation (see spelling differences) is an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of hierarchy. In an organization, this hierarchy usually consists of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. This is the dominant mode of organization among large organizations; most corporations, governments, criminal enterprises, and organized religions are hierarchical organizations with different levels of management power or authority. For example, the broad, top-level overview of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of the Pope, then the Cardinals, then the Archbishops, and so on. Another example is the hierarchy between the four castes in the Hindu caste system, which arises from the religious belief "that each is derived from a different part of the creator God’s (Brahma) body, descending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adhocracy
Adhocracy is a flexible, adaptable, and informal form of organization defined by a lack of formal structure and employs specialized multidisciplinary teams grouped by function. It operates in a fashion opposite to bureaucracy. Warren Bennis coined the term in his 1968 book ''The Temporary Society.'' Alvin Toffler popularized the term in 1970 with his book, ''Future Shock'', and has since become often used in the Management science, management theory of organizations (particularly online organizations). The concept has been further developed by academics such as Henry Mintzberg. Adhocracy is the system of adaptive, creative, and flexible integrative behavior based on non-permanence and spontaneity. These characteristics are believed to allow adhocracy to respond faster than traditional bureaucratic organizations while being more open to new ideas. Overview Robert H. Waterman, Jr. defines adhocracy as "any form of organization that cuts across normal bureaucratic lines to captur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MACH-IV (test)
The MACH-IV is a 20 question Likert scale psychometric designed to test levels of Machiavellianism (psychology), Machiavellianism in individuals.Rauthmann, John F. "Investigating the MACH–IV with item response theory and proposing the trimmed MACH." Journal of personality assessment 95.4 (2013): 388-397. In personality psychology, Machiavellianism refers to a personality construct which comprises manipulativeness, deceitfulness, and a callous, calculating orientation. It is the most widely used Machiavellianism test by researchers.Monaghan, C., Bizumic, B., & Sellbom, M. (2016). The role of Machiavellian views and tactics in psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 72-81. Background Social psychologist Richard Christie (psychologist), Richard Christie was interested in the motivations and underlying personality traits of manipulators. He proposed that they had certain characteristics that made them more willing to take advantage of others, such as having a lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Christie (psychologist)
Richard Christie (1918–1992) was an American social and personality psychologist. He was influential in many studies on human psychology, most notably in the creation of the personality trait known as Machiavellianism. Life Christie was born in Perdue, Saskatchewan. Christie obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of Tulsa in 1942, became a U.S. citizen, and served in the Air Force during World War II. He earned a master's from the University of Nebraska in 1947 and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1949. He joined Columbia's faculty as a fellow in 1956, and became a full professor in 1960. He chaired the Department of Social Psychology from 1962 to 1965 and 1967 to 1968, retiring in 1988. He was influential in studies of the authoritarian personality, and in creating the machiavellianism scale in his career. Christie was married to Delores Kreisman, an associate clinical professor of psychiatry, and had five children: a son named Lance, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |