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Lithotelestidae
Aulopsammiidae (synonym: Lithotelestidae) is a family of coral in the order Scleralcyonacea. McFadden et al. 2022, and some other authors in the past, include the content of this family in the family Helioporidae. Characteristics The family is characterized by a crystalline aragonite skeleton formed by stolons and calices, cylindrical calices with secondary lateral calices, and fully retractable polyps with an exoskeleton formed of calcite capstans and crosses.Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M. (1977). An Atlantic helioporan coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', 90(4), 975–984. Genera *''Epiphaxum ''Epiphaxum'' is a genus of anthozoans in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basi ...'' Lonsdale, 1850Lonsdale, W. (1850). Notes on the corals. In Dixon, F. (Ed.), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanipora
''Nanipora'' is a monotypic genus of cnidarian in the family Helioporidae. It consists of a single species, ''Nanipora kamurai''. Discovery ''Nanipora kamurai'' was first discovered in a public swimming area in Okinawa. The species is considered to be a "living fossil" because the animals most closely related to it genetically are extinct. They are found in coral reefs in Japan and Thailand, and sea beds in the north South China Sea. ''Nanipora kamurai'' may potentially possess the unique ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions caused by ocean acidification. Reimer, J. D., Kurihara, H., Ravasi, T., Ide, Y., Izumiyama, M., & Kayanne, H. (2021). Unexpected high abundance of aragonite-forming Nanipora (Octocorallia: Helioporacea) at an acidified volcanic reef in southern Japan. Marine Biodiversity, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01165-0 References Further reading *Cordeiro, R., van Ofwegen, L. & Williams, G. (2015)''Nanipora kamurai'' Miyazaki & Reimer, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coral
Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the subphylum Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact Colony (biology), colonies of many identical individual polyp (zoology), polyps. Coral species include the important Coral reef, reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton. A coral "group" is a colony of very many cloning, genetically identical polyps. Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in height. A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening. Each polyp excretes an exoskeleton near the base. Over many generations, the colony thus creates a skeleton characteristic of the species which can measure up to several meters in size. Individual colonies grow by asexual reproduction of polyps. Corals also breed sexually by spawning: polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously overnight, often around a full moon. Fertilized eggs form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scleralcyonacea
Scleralcyonacea, previously referred to as Calcaxonia, is an order of soft corals in the class Octocorallia. History A 2022 phylogenetic study found Octocorallia to be divided into two monophyletic lineages, which were established as the orders Scleralcyonacea and Malacalcyonacea. Scleralcyonacea was found to contain all taxa formerly assigned to the order Pennatulacea (the sea pens, which are now part of superfamily Pennatuloidea), Helioporacea, and Calcaxonia besides ''Isis'', alongside multiple smaller clades. While the genus ''Isis'' was historically placed within Calcaxonia as a relative of Keratoisididae and Mopseidae, it was found to be unrelated, with the difference in internode growth patterns being identified as phylogenetically informative. Scleralcyonacea was named after Greek (', ) and former coral order Alcyonacea, as most of its members contain either an axial skeleton made of calcium carbonate or sclerites fused with calcitic material. Taxonomy Scleral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helioporidae
''Heliopora'' is a genus of cnidarian in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ... Helioporidae. The genus consists of reef building corals, and is ancient and highly conserved. The species ''heliopora coerulea'' is also known as "blue coral". Species Currently, the species known to be part of the genus Heliopora are: * '' Heliopora coerulea'' (Pallas, 1766) - blue coral * '' Heliopora fijiensis''† Hoffmeister, 1945 *'' Heliopora hiberniana'' Richards, Yasuda, Kikuchi, Foster, Mitsuyuki, Stat, Suyama & Wilson, 2018 References Octocorallia genera Helioporidae {{Octocorallia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aragonite
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate (), the others being calcite and vaterite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments. The crystal lattice of aragonite differs from that of calcite, resulting in a different crystal shape, an orthorhombic crystal system with acicular crystal. Repeated twinning results in pseudo-hexagonal forms. Aragonite may be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branching helictitic forms called ''flos-ferri'' ("flowers of iron") from their association with the ores at the Carinthian iron mines. Occurrence The type location for aragonite is Molina de Aragón in the Province of Guadalajara in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, for which it was named in 1797. Aragonite is found in this locality as cyclic twins inside gypsum and marls of the Keuper facies of the Triassic. This type of aragoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stolon
In biology, a stolon ( from Latin ''wikt:stolo, stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as a runner, is a horizontal connection between parts of an organism. It may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton. Typically, animal stolons are exoskeletons (external skeletons). In botany In botany, stolons are plant stems which grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the Node (botany), nodes, and new plants from the buds. Stolons are often called runners. Rhizomes, in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally at the soil surface or in other orientations underground. Thus, not all horizontal stems are called stolons. Plants with stolons are called stoloniferous. A stolon is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its Cloning, clones produced from stolons form a single genetic individual, a genet (biology), genet. Morphology Stolons may have long or shor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calyx (anatomy)
Calyx is a term used in animal anatomy for some cuplike areas or structures. Etymology Latin, from ''calyx'' (from Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ, ''case of a bud, husk"). Cnidarians The spicules containing the basal portion of the upper tentacular part of the polyp of some soft corals (also called ''calice''). Entoprocta A body part of the Entoprocta from which tentacles arise and the mouth and anus are located. Echinoderms The body disk that is covered with a leathery tegumen containing calcareous plates (in crinoids and ophiuroids the main part of the body where the viscera are located). Humans Either a minor calyx in the kidney, a conglomeration of two or three minor calyces to form a major calyx, or the Calyx of Held, a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system, named by H. Held in his 1893 article ''Die centrale Gehörleitung'', due to its flower-petal-like shape. Satzler, K., L. F. Sohl, et al. (2002). "Three-dimensional reconstructi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyp (zoology)
A polyp in zoology is one of two forms found in the phylum Cnidaria, the other being the medusa (biology), medusa. Polyps are roughly cylindrical in shape and elongated at the axis of the vase-shaped body. In solitary polyps, the aboral (opposite to oral) end is attached to the substrate (biology), substrate by means of a disc-like holdfast (biology), holdfast called a pedal disc, while in colony (biology), colonies of polyps it is connected to other polyps, either directly or indirectly. The oral end contains the mouth, and is surrounded by a circlet of tentacles. Classes In the class Anthozoa, comprising the sea anemones and corals, the individual is always a polyp; in the class Hydrozoa, however, the individual may be either a polyp or a medusa (biology), medusa, with most species undergoing a biological life cycle, life cycle with both a polyp stage and a medusa stage. In the class Scyphozoa, the medusa stage is dominant, and the polyp stage may or may not be present, depen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton () . is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g. human skeleton, that of a human) which is enclosed underneath other soft tissues. Some large, hard and non-flexible protective exoskeletons are known as mollusc shell, shell or armour (anatomy), armour. Examples of exoskeletons in animals include the arthropod exoskeleton, cuticle skeletons shared by arthropods (insects, chelicerates, myriapods and crustaceans) and tardigrades, as well as the corallite, skeletal cups formed by hardened secretion of stony corals, the test (biology), test/tunic of sea squirts and sea urchins, and the prominent mollusc shell shared by snails, bivalvia, clams, tusk shells, chitons and nautilus. Some vertebrate animals, such as the turtle, have both an endoskeleton and a turtle shell, protective exoskeleton. Role Exoskeletons c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calcite
Calcite is a Carbonate minerals, carbonate mineral and the most stable Polymorphism (materials science), polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on Scratch hardness, scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses. Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable. Etymology Calcite is derived from the German , a term from the 19th century that came from the Latin word for Lime (material), lime, (genitive ) with the suffix ''-ite'' used to name minerals. It is thus a Doublet (linguistics), doublet of the word ''wikt:chalk, chalk''. When applied by archaeology, archaeologists and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epiphaxum
''Epiphaxum'' is a genus of anthozoans in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ... Aulopsammiidae. Species * '' Epiphaxum breve'' Bayer, 1992Bayer, F. M. (1992). The helioporacean octocoral ''Epiphaxum''. Recent and fossil. A monographic iconography. ''Studies in Tropical Oceanography'', 15, 1–76. * '' Epiphaxum micropora'' (Bayer & Muzik, 1977)Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M. (1977). An Atlantic helioporan coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'', 90(4), 975–984. * '' Epiphaxum septifer'' Bayer, 1992 References Aulopsammiidae {{octocorallia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
