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Leprocaulales
Leprocaulaceae is a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi. It is the single family in the monotypic order Leprocaulales. Leprocaulaceae contains three genera and about 33 species. Taxonomy Both the family and the order were circumscribed by American lichenologists James Lendemer and Brendan Hodkinson in 2013. They studied sterile, crustose lichens previously classified in the genus ''Lepraria'' using molecular phylogenetic techniques. They redefined the genus ''Leprocaulon'' to include several crustose lichens that were previously placed in ''Lepraria'', and defined the new family and order to contain this genetically distinct grouping of species, including the genus ''Halecania''. ''Speerschneidera'' was included based on the results of a study published a year later. The authors suggested that Leprocaulales is sister to the Caliciales, although in a later phylogenetic study using a temporal approach, it appeared to be more closely related to the Teloschistales. Descript ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leprocaulon Knudsenii
''Leprocaulon'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. Members of the genus ''Leprocaulon'' are commonly called mealy lichens. Species *''Leprocaulon adhaerens'' *''Leprocaulon americanum'' *''Leprocaulon beechingii'' – eastern North America *''Leprocaulon calcicola'' – Great Britain *''Leprocaulon coriense'' *'' Leprocaulon knudsenii'' – mountain ranges of central and southern California, USA *''Leprocaulon nicholsiae'' *''Leprocaulon santamonicae'' *''Leprocaulon terricola'' *''Leprocaulon textum ''Leprocaulon'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Leprocaulaceae. Members of the genus ''Leprocaulon'' are commonly called mealy lichens. Species *'' Leprocaulon adhaerens'' *'' Leprocaulon americanum'' *'' Leprocaulon beeching ...'' References Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes genera Lichen genera Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist) Taxa described in 1879 {{Lecanoromycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teloschistales
The Teloschistales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. According to one 2008 estimate, the order contains 5 families, 66 genera, and 1954 species. The predominant photobiont partners for the Teloschistales are green algae from the genera ''Trebouxia'' and '' Asterochloris''. Families *Brigantiaeaceae The Brigantiaeaceae are a family of fungi in the order Teloschistales. Species in this family are lichenized with green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister whi ... * Letrouitiaceae * Megalosporaceae * Teloschistaceae References Lichen orders Lecanoromycetes orders Taxa described in 1986 Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth {{Teloschistales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence. Genera of uncertain placement The are several genera in the Lecanoromycetes that have not been placed into any order or family. These are: *''Argopsis'' – 1 sp. *''Ascographa'' - 1 sp. *'' Bartlettiella'' – 1 sp. *'' Bouvetiella'' – 1 sp. *'' Buelliastrum'' – 1 sp. *'' Haploloma'' – 1 sp. *'' Hosseusia'' – 3 spp. *'' Korfiomyces'' – 1 sp. *''Maronella'' – 1 sp. *'' Notolecidea'' – 1 sp. *'' Petractis'' – 3 spp. *'' Piccolia'' – 10 spp. *'' Ravenelula'' – 2 spp. *'' Robincola'' – 1 sp. *''Roburnia ''Roburnia'' is a genus of fungi in the Helotiales order. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order (biology), order is unknown (''incertae sedis''), and it has not yet been placed with certainty in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenicolous Lichen
A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component of the lichen, which is known as a lichenized fungus. They are most commonly specific to a given fungus as the host, but they also include a wide range of pathogens, saprotrophs, and commensals. It is estimated there are 3000 species of lichenicolous fungi. More than 1800 species are already described among the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.Lichenicolous Fungi: Interactions, Evolution, and Biodiversity, Lawrey, James D.; Diederich, Paul. The Bryologist 106(1), pp. 80 120, 2003/ref> More than 95% of lichenicolous fungi described as of 2003 are ascomycetes, in 7 classes and 19 orders. Although basidiomycetes Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomyce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichenicolous Fungus
A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component of the lichen, which is known as a lichenized fungus. They are most commonly specific to a given fungus as the host, but they also include a wide range of pathogens, saprotrophs, and commensals. It is estimated there are 3000 species of lichenicolous fungi. More than 1800 species are already described among the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.Lichenicolous Fungi: Interactions, Evolution, and Biodiversity, Lawrey, James D.; Diederich, Paul. The Bryologist 106(1), pp. 80 120, 2003/ref> More than 95% of lichenicolous fungi described as of 2003 are ascomycetes, in 7 classes and 19 orders Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. '' Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. '' Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some '' Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage looks homogeneously pink, and the term "hyaline" is used to describe similarly homogeneously pink material besides the cartilage. Hyaline material is usually acellular and proteinaceous. For example, arterial hyaline is seen in aging, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ... and in association with some drugs (e.g. calcineurin inhibitors) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Usnic Acid
Usnic acid is a naturally occurring dibenzofuran derivative found in several lichen species with the formula C18H16O7. It was first isolated by German scientist W. Knop in 1844 and first synthesized between 1933-1937 by Curd and Robertson. Usnic acid was identified in many genera of lichens including ''Usnea'', ''Cladonia'', ''Hypotrachyna'', ''Lecanora'', ''Ramalina'', ''Evernia'', ''Parmelia'' and '' Alectoria''. Although it is generally believed that usnic acid is exclusively restricted to lichens, in a few unconfirmed isolated cases the compound was found in kombucha tea and non-lichenized ascomycetes. At normal conditions, usnic acid is a bitter, yellow, solid substance. It is known to occur in nature in both the d- and l-forms as well as a racemic mixture. Salts of usnic acid are called usnates (e.g. copper usnate). Biological role in lichens Usnic acid is a secondary metabolite in lichens whose role has not been completely elucidated. It is believed that usnic acid protect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argopsin
Argopsin, also known as 1-chloropannarin, is a secondary metabolite produced by many lichen species, such as ''Biatora cuprea'' and ''Micarea lignaria''. Argopsin was first isolated from the lichen ''Argopsis friesiana''. The chemical composition of argopsin is 2,7-Dichloro-3-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,6,9-trimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo ,e1,4]dioxepin-4-carbaldehyde. Uses Argopsin can have photohemolytic effect when activated under Ultraviolet, ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 366 nm. Argopsin has been shown to have ''in vitro'' effect on ''Leishmania ''Leishmania'' is a parasitic protozoan, a single-celled organism of the genus '' Leishmania'' that are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. They are spread by sandflies of the genus ''Phlebotomus'' in the Old World, and of the genus '' ...'' at a concentration of 50 µg/ml. References {{Reflist Secondary metabolites Lichen products Chloroarenes Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings Lactones Cyclic ethers Meth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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