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Leipzig School (translation)
The Leipzig School of Translation Studies (german: Leipziger Übersetzungswissenschaftliche Schule), or simply Leipzig School, is the denomination of a group of translation and interpreting scholars centered in the Leipzig University. Notable during the years of the Cold War, it had a close relationship with the Moscow School (Barkhudarov, Komissarov, Shveitser, Kolshanskiy, etc.). It influenced the international debate on translation studies; one of its main developments was communicative equivalence, based on linguistics, semiotics and communication theory. Among its most prominent members are Otto Kade, Gert Jäger Gert Jäger ( Dresden, 13 May 1935) is a German translation scholar and a specialist in the Polish and Czech languages. After obtaining his ''Abitur'' in 1952, Jäger studied Czech studies, Polish studies, Russian studies, Serbo-Croatian and ... and Albrecht Neubert. In 1965, with his doctoral dissertation Subjektive und objektive Faktoren im Überset ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translation
Translation is the communication of the Meaning (linguistic), meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The English language draws a terminology, terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''translating'' (a written text) and ''Language interpretation, interpreting'' (oral or Sign language, signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community. A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interpreting
Interpreting is a translational activity in which one produces a first and final target-language output on the basis of a one-time exposure to an expression in a source language. The most common two modes of interpreting are simultaneous interpreting, which is done at the time of the exposure to the source language, and consecutive interpreting, which is done at breaks to this exposure. Interpreting is an ancient human activity which predates the invention of writing. However, the origins of the profession of interpreting date back to less than a century ago. History Historiography Research into the various aspects of the history of interpreting is quite new. For as long as most scholarly interest was given to professional conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of interpreting in history, and until the 1990s, only a few dozen publications were done on it. Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leipzig University
Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 December 1409 by Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and his brother William II, Margrave of Meissen, and originally comprised the four scholastic faculties. Since its inception, the university has engaged in teaching and research for over 600 years without interruption. Famous alumni include Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Leopold von Ranke, Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner, Tycho Brahe, Georgius Agricola, Angela Merkel and ten Nobel laureates associated with the university. History Founding and development until 1900 The university was modelled on the University of Prague, from which the German-speaking faculty members withdrew to Leipzig after the Jan Hus crisis and the Decree of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cold War
The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of Geopolitics, geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term ''Cold war (term), cold war'' is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary Allies of World War II, alliance and victory against Nazi Germany and Empire of Japan, Imperial Japan in 1945. Aside from the Nuclear arms race, nuclear arsenal development and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as psychological warfare, propaganda campaigns, Cold War espionage, espionage, far-reaching Economic sanctions, embargoes, rivalry at sports events, and technolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilen Komissarov
Professor Vilen Naumovich Komissarov (russian: Комиссаров, Вилен Наумович) (August 23, 1924 – June 8, 2005) has gained recognition in Russia and beyond its borders as an authority on translation theory and methods of translator training (in Russian: Perevodovediniye - ПЕРЕВОДОВЕДЕНИЕ ). He was also Head of the Department of Translation Theory, History and Criticism at Moscow State Linguistic University ) , former_names = Moscow Imperial Commercial School(1804–1917) Moscow Institute of New Languages(1930–1935) Maurice Thorez Moscow State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages(1935–1990) , motto = ''Lingua facit pacem'' , motto_lang = ..., and has a record of half a century of research and teaching in this field, as well as of practical work as a conference interpreter and translator. Selected bibliography Komissarov has over ninety publications, including books. * A Word on Translation (1973) * Linguistics of Translation (19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Shveitser
Alexander Davydovich Shveitser (1923–2002) was a Russian linguist specializing in American English. A professor and doctor of philology, Shveitser was a translator and interpreter from English and German, one of the founders of the Russian theory of translation, and of the Soviet schools of simultaneous interpretation. He was a pioneering scholar in the nascent field of sociolinguistics. Early life Born into a middle-class Jewish family in Moscow, he was studying at the Military Institute of Foreign Languages when World War II broke out. He joined the military at the age of 19 and served with distinction receiving numerous military decorations. After the war was over he participated in the 1946 Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. Career Shveitser belonged to the elite circle of top simultaneous interpreters working in international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization and he trained numerous top interpreters himself. He taught at the Military Ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translation Studies
Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and Language localisation, localization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature, computer science, history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics, and terminology. The term "translation studies" was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S. Holmes in his 1972 paper "The name and nature of translation studies", which is considered a foundational statement for the discipline. English writers, occasionally use the term "translatology" (and less commonly "traductology") to refer to translation studies, and the corresponding French term for the discipline is usually "''traductologie''" (as in the Société Française de Traductologie). In the United States, there is a preference for the term "tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguistics is concerned with both the cognitive and social aspects of language. It is considered a scientific field as well as an academic discipline; it has been classified as a social science, natural science, cognitive science,Thagard, PaulCognitive Science, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). or part of the humanities. Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to phenomena found in human linguistic systems, such as syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (structure of words); phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language); and pragmatics (how soc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semiotics
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes (semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign's interpreter. The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can also communicate feelings (which are usually not considered meanings) and may communicate internally (through thought itself) or through any of the senses: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste). Contemporary semiotics is a branch of science that studies meaning-making and various types of knowledge. The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. Unlike linguistics, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems. Semiotics includes the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communication Theory
Communication theory is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form communication. Theory can be seen as a way to map the world and make it navigable; communication theory gives us tools to answer empirical, conceptual, or practical communication questions. Communication is defined in both commonsense and specialized ways. Communication theory emphasizes its symbolic and social process aspects as seen from two perspectives—as exchange of information (the transmission perspective), and as work done to connect and thus enable that exchange (the ritual perspective). Sociolinguistic research in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the level to which people change their formality of their language depending on the social context that th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Adolf Wenzel Kade
Otto Adolf Wenzel Kade (28 March 1927, Frýdlant, Sudetenland – 2 November 1980, Eichwalde) was a German specialist in Russian language and translation scholar. During the postwar years he started out as a self-taught interpreter of Russian and teacher of Czech and Russian. Afterwards he has appointed at several posts at the translation institute of Karl Marx University, Leipzig. His doctoral dissertation ''Subjektive und objektive Faktoren im Übersetzungsprozeß'' (Subjective and objective factors in the translation process) was probably the first translation studies dissertation in Germany; it appeared as a supplement to the journal '' Fremdsprachen'' under the title "Zufall und Gesetzmäßigkeit in der Übersetzung" (Chance and regularity in translation). In this work, Kade sought to go beyond the limits of a purely linguistic approach to interpretation and translation. It is considered one of the most significant achievements of translation theory in Germany. Together with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gert Jäger
Gert Jäger ( Dresden, 13 May 1935) is a German translation scholar and a specialist in the Polish and Czech languages. After obtaining his ''Abitur'' in 1952, Jäger studied Czech studies, Polish studies, Russian studies, Serbo-Croatian and Lithuanian at Leipzig University, obtaining his degree in 1956. While holding several posts at the University, he obtained his PhD in 1963 and another doctorate in 1973. Together with Otto Kade and Albrecht Neubert Albrecht ("noble", "bright") is a given name or surname of German origin and may refer to: First name *Albrecht Agthe, (1790–1873), German music teacher *Albrecht Altdorfer, (c. 1480–1538) German Renaissance painter *Albrecht Becker, (1906� ... he has been a notable member of the Leipzig School. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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