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Leipzig City Gates
The Leipzig city gates were structural facilities that existed from the Middle Ages to the 19th century to regulate and control the movement of people and goods into and out of the city of Leipzig, Germany. They initially also had a defensive function. In addition to the four main City gate, gates and the five known smaller gates (Wicket gate, wickets) through the city wall, several so-called outer gates were later added, which controlled the access roads to the city as secondary gates. None of the gate, gates remain at their original locations. History Since the Middle Ages, the city was surrounded by two walls of different heights, with the higher one on the inside. Between the walls was the Zwinger, which could be walked around the city, and in front of the outer wall was the water-filled city moat. There were gates with drawbridges at four points. At the gates, the city wall was provided with horseshoe-shaped extensions for better defense. There were also a few small wickets. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763, was a Great Power conflict fought primarily in Europe, with significant subsidiary campaigns in North America and South Asia. The protagonists were Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia versus Kingdom of France, France and Habsburg monarchy, Austria, the respective coalitions receiving by countries including Portuguese Empire, Portugal, Spanish Empire, Spain, Electorate of Saxony, Saxony, Age of Liberty, Sweden, and Russian Empire, Russia. Related conflicts include the Third Silesian War, French and Indian War, Carnatic wars, Third Carnatic War, Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763), Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763), and Spanish–Portuguese War (1762–1763), Spanish–Portuguese War. Although the War of the Austrian Succession ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), none of the signatories were happy with the terms, and it was generally viewed as a temporary armistice. It led to a strategic realignment kn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historic Roads And Trails
Historic roads (or historic trails in the US and Canada) are paths or routes that have historical importance due to their use over a period of time. Examples exist from prehistoric times until the early 20th century. They include ancient trackways, long-lasting roads, important trade routes, and migration trails. Many historic routes, such as the Silk Road, the Amber Road, and the Royal Road of the Persian Empire, covered great distances and their impact on human settlements remain today. The Post Track, a prehistoric causeway in the valley of the River Brue in the Somerset Levels, England, is one of the oldest known constructed trackways and dates from around 3800 BCE. The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. The Romans were the most significant road builders of the ancient world. At the peak of the Roman Empire there were more than of roads, of which over were stone-paved. Another empire, that of the Incas of pre-Col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Territorial Lord
A territorial lord () was a ruler in the period beginning with the Early Middle Ages who, stemming from his status as being immediate (''unmittelbar''), held a form of authority over a territory known as ''Landeshoheit''. This authority gave him nearly all the attributes of sovereignty. Such a lord had authority or dominion in a state or territory, but this fell short of sovereignty since as a ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, he remained subject to imperial law and supreme authority, including imperial tribunals and imperial war contributions. The territorial lord was generally a member of the high aristocracy (''Hochadel'') or clergy, who was the title bearer or office holder of an existing or constituent state through the custom of primogeniture or feudal law. In the Holy Roman Empire, the lords of the individual member states, the imperial states or ''Reichsstände'' (excluding the Holy Roman Emperor), were the territorial lords of the regions ruled by them. During the High Midd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landrecht (medieval)
The ''Landrecht'' (, "customary law of the region",Arnold, Benjamin (1991). ''Princes and territories in medieval Germany'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, p. 31. . plural: ''Landrechte'') was the law applying within an individual state in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages and Early Modern times. The state laws that emerged in the territories of the empire from the 12th century onwards had been developed from the older tribal laws of the Saxons, Swabians, Bavarians and Bohemians (tribe), Bohemians. Through Privilege (legal ethics), privileges and laws passed by the territorial princes as well as the jurisprudence of the Landgericht (medieval), ''Landgerichte'' or state courts, these ancient rights were supplemented and developed. Later Roman law was also accepted and incorporated into the ''Landrechte''. The ''Landrecht'' was only applied to the burghers of a town in a secondary way, because they came primarily under municipal law and the autonomous j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Town Privileges
Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the traditions of the self-administration of Roman cities. Judicially, a borough (or burgh) was distinguished from the countryside by means of a charter from the ruling monarch that defined its privileges and laws. Common privileges involved trade (marketplace, the storing of goods, etc.) and the establishment of guilds. Some of these privileges were permanent and could imply that the town obtained the right to be called a borough, hence the term "borough rights" (; ). Some degree of self-government, representation by diet, and tax-relief could also be granted. Multiple tiers existed; for example, in Sweden, the basic royal charter establishing a borough enabled trade, but not foreign trade, which required a higher-tier charter granting staple ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximilian (Seffner)
Maximilian or Maximillian (Maximiliaan in Dutch and Maximilien in French) is a male name. The name "Max" is considered a shortening of "Maximilian" as well as of several other names. List of people Monarchs *Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459–1519) *Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576) *Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1573–1651) *Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (1662–1726) *Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (1727–1777) *Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (1756–1825) *Maximilian II of Bavaria (1811–1864) *Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929) *Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria (1808–1888) *Maximilian I of Mexico (1832–1867) Other royalty *Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony (1759–1838) *Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (1933–2022) Saints *Maximilian of Lorch (died 288), Roman bishop, missionary and martyr *Maximilian of Tebessa (274–295), Roman martyr *Maximilian of Antioch (died ), Christian martyr *Maximilian (died 447) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leipzig Trade Fair
The Leipzig Trade Fair () is a major trade fair, which traces its roots back for nearly a millennium. After the Second World War, Leipzig fell within the territory of East Germany, whereupon the Leipzig Trade Fair became one of the most important trade fairs of Comecon and was traditionally a meeting place for businessmen and politicians from both sides of the Iron Curtain. Since 1996, the fair has taken place on the Leipzig fairgrounds, located about north of the city centre. History Early history The history of the Leipzig fairs goes back to the Middle Ages. A fair held at Leipzig is first mentioned in 1165. Otto the Rich, Margrave of Meissen presented the Leipzig fairs under protection. No other fair was allowed within a circle of an ( German) mile (7.5 km) away ( Bannmeile). In 1268, Margrave Theodoric of Landsberg assured all merchants travelers to Leipzig full protection for person and goods, even if their sovereign was at feud with him. This led to the settleme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Via Imperii
Via Imperii (Imperial Road) was one of the most important of a class of roads known collectively as imperial roads (') of the Holy Roman Empire. This old trade route ran in a south–north direction from Venice on the Adriatic Sea and Verona in the Kingdom of Italy across the Brenner Pass through Germany to the Baltic coast passing the following cities: * Innsbruck in the County of Tyrol * Augsburg in the Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg * the Imperial city of Nuremberg * Bayreuth, Berneck, Münchberg and Hof in the Principality of Bayreuth * Plauen, Mylau and Reichenbach in the Vogtland region * Zwickau, Altenburg, Regis, Borna, Markkleeberg and Connewitz in the Margraviate of Meissen * Leipzig – intersection with east–west Via Regia * Wittenberg in Saxe-Wittenberg * Cölln/Berlin, capital of Brandenburg * Bernau bei Berlin * Stettin in the Duchy of Pomerania The cities on the route held the privilege of staple right, merchants were obliged to use the toll road ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Via Regia
The Via Regia (Royal Highway) is a European Cultural Route following the route of the Historic roads, historic road of the Middle Ages. There were many such ''viae regiae'' associated with the king in the medieval Holy Roman Empire. History Origins The Via Regia ran west–east through the centre of the Holy Roman Empire, from the Rhine at Mainz-Kastel (''Elisabethenstraße'') to Frankfurt am Main, trade city and site of the Imperial election, election of the King of the Romans, continuing along Hanau, the ''Kaiserpfalz'' at Gelnhausen, the towns of Steinau an der Straße, Neuhof, Hesse, Neuhof, Fulda and Eisenach to Erfurt, a centre of Isatis tinctoria, woad production. It ran further eastwards to Eckartsberga, crossing the Saale river between Bad Kösen and Naumburg and reached Leipzig, another trade city. The eastern part continued through Upper Lusatia (''Via Regia Lusatiae Superioris'') along Großenhain, Königsbrück, Kamenz, Bautzen and Görlitz to Wrocław in Silesia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl-Liebknecht-Straße (Leipzig)
The Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse is a street in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It connects the locality (Ortsteil) Zentrum-Süd in the borough Leipzig-Mitte to the locality of Connewitz in the borough of Leipzig-Süd in a nearly straight line of . Crossing the locality Südvorstadt including its central square Südplatz, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse is one of the most popular streets in Leipzig for its university, its shops, its bars and restaurants and more generally for its daytime and nighttime activities. Odonymy From 1874 to 1933, the street was simply called Südstrasse ("southern street"). On 24 May 1933, it was renamed Adolf-Hitler-Strasse after Adolf Hitler's rise to power like many other roads in Germany. On 18 May 1945, under American occupation, the street was given back its original name, Südstrasse. On 1 August 1945, under Soviet occupation, it was renamed this time by Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse in honor of the Lipsian co-founder of the Communist Party of Germany Karl Liebknecht ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeitz
Zeitz (; , ) is a town in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated on the river White Elster, in the triangle of the federal states Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Saxony. History First a Slavic pagan settlement later Christianized, Zeitz was first recorded under the Medieval Latin name ''Cici'' in the Synod of Ravenna in 967. Between 965 and 982, it was the chief fortress of the March of Zeitz. Zeitz was a bishop's residence between 968 and 1028, when it was moved to Naumburg. Beginning at the end of the 13th century, the bishops again resided in their castle at Zeitz. The Herrmannsschacht (built in 1889) is one of the oldest brown coal brickette factories in the world. The city was captured by Swedish troops during the Thirty Years' War and was given to Electorate of Saxony in 1644. It was the centre of Saxe-Zeitz between 1657 and 1718, before returning to the Electorate (which became the Kingdom of Saxony in 1806). In 1815, it was gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
