|
Legal Translation
Legal translation is the translation of language used in legal settings and for legal purposes. Legal translation may also imply that it is a specific type of translation only used in law, which is not always the case. As law is a culture-dependent subject field, legal translation is not necessarily linguistically transparent. Intransparency in translation can be avoided somewhat by use of Latin legal terminology, where possible, but in non-western languages debates are centered on the origins and precedents of specific terms, such as in the use of particular Chinese characters in Japanese legal discussions. Intransparency can lead to expensive misunderstandings in terms of a contract, for example, resulting in avoidable lawsuits. Legal translation is thus usually done by specialized law translators. Conflicts over the legal impact of a translation can be avoided by indicating that the text is "authentic" i.e. legally operative on its own terms or instead is merely a "convenie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verbatim
Verbatim means word for word. It may refer to: * ''Verbatim'' (album), a 1996 album by Bob Ostertag * "Verbatim" (song), a 2015 song by Blackbear * Verbatim (brand), a brand of storage media and flash memory * Verbatim (horse) Verbatim (1965-1991) was an American thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Background Verbatim was a dark bay or brown bred horse in Kentucky at Elmendorf Farm. He was sired by Speak John, the 1985 Champion broodmare sire in North America. Hi ..., an American racehorse * ''Verbatim'' (magazine), edited by Erin McKean * Verbatim theatre, a form of documentary theatre {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translation
Translation is the communication of the semantics, meaning of a #Source and target languages, source-language text by means of an Dynamic and formal equivalence, equivalent #Source and target languages, target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''translating'' (a written text) and ''interpreting'' (oral or Sign language, signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community. A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated. Becau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender And Language
''Gender and Language'' is an international peer-reviewed academic journal for language-based research on gender and sexuality from feminist, queer, and nonbinary perspectives. The journal features research on the social analytics of gender in discourse domains that include institutions, media, politics and everyday interaction. The journal is published four times annually by Equinox Publishing on behalf of the International Gender and Language Association. The journal's editors-in-chief are Rodrigo Borba ( Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Kira Hall (University of Colorado Boulder) and Mie Hiramoto (National University of Singapore). ''Gender and Language'' encourages research on the implications of competing definitions of gender and sexuality, as well as different approaches for analyzing the production and interpretation of language. The journal aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue on these subjects. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Rijeka
The University of Rijeka () is in the city of Rijeka, Croatia, with faculties in cities throughout the regions of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Primorje, Istria and Lika. The University of Rijeka is composed of eleven faculties, one art academy, two departments, university libraries and the Student Centre Rijeka (SCRI). History While the modern university was founded on May 17, 1973, the first school of higher education was established in 1627 by the Jesuits and enjoyed equal status with the academies in the largest cities of the Austrian Empire. The Faculty of Philosophy, established in 1726, operated for two years. The Theological Faculty was founded in 1728. From 1773 to 1780, Rijeka was the seat of the Royal Academy. The modern day university was established during 1970's, a decade of exponential rise in number of higher education institutions in the former Yugoslavia when alongside Rijeka universities in University of Osijek, Osijek, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Bologna
The University of Bologna (, abbreviated Unibo) is a Public university, public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students () by the late 12th century. It is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest university in continuous operation in the world, and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning.Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, , p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages'' Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 47–55 The university's emblem carries the motto, ''Alma Mater Studiorum'' ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and the date ''A.D. 1088''. With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the List of largest universities by enrollment, largest universities in Europe. The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translating For Legal Equivalence
A certified translation renders the meaning of text into another language in accordance with the requirements of the target jurisdiction, enabling it to be used in formal procedures, with the translator accepting responsibility for its accuracy. These requirements vary widely from country to country. While some countries allow only state-appointed translators to produce such translations, others will accept those carried out by any competent bilingual individual. Between these two extremes are countries where a certified translation can be carried out by any professional translator with the correct credentials (which may include membership of specific translation associations or the holding of certain qualifications). English speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, the USA, Australia and New Zealand fall on the more relaxed end of the spectrum, and simply require certified translations to include a statement made by the translator attesting to its accuracy, along with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translating "law" To Other European Languages
The translation of "law" to other European languages faces several difficulties. In most European languages, as well as some others influenced by European languages, there are two different words that can be translated to English as "law". For the general comparison in this article the Latin terms and will be used. Etymologically, has some relation to ''right'', '' just'' or ''straight''. General There are in English two more or less synonymous adjectives, both from Latin origin, that correspond etymologically to the Continental distinction: the common word ''legal'' and the less common ''juridical'' (or even ''juristic''). However, the words and are not synonyms. can sometimes be translated as ''legislation'', ''statute'', ''statutory law'' or even '' act'', even if the corresponding , and also exist. is law made by a political authority, such as a parliament or a government. In modern societies, ''leges'' are usually written, though this is not a necessary feature. i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skopos Theory
Skopos theory (German: ''Skopostheorie'') is a theory in the field of translation studies that employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. The intentionality of a Skopos theory#Definition, translational action stated in a Skopos theory#Translation brief, translation brief, the Skopos theory#Directives, directives, and the Skopos theory#Rules, rules guide a translator to attain the expected target text Skopos theory#Definition, translatum. Overview Background The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Vermeer, Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal ''Lebende Sprachen'', 1978. As a realisation of James S. Holmes, James Holmes�map of Translation Studies(1972), skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory that emerged around the late twentieth century. They were part of the development of skopos theory contributed by :Translation scholars, scholars of translati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indeterminacy Of Translation
The indeterminacy of translation is a thesis propounded by 20th-century American analytic philosopher W. V. Quine. The classic statement of this thesis can be found in his 1960 book ''Word and Object'', which gathered together and refined much of Quine's previous work on subjects other than formal logic and set theory. The indeterminacy of translation is also discussed at length in his ''Ontological Relativity''. Crispin Wright suggests that this "has been among the most widely discussed and controversial theses in modern analytical philosophy". This view is endorsed by Hilary Putnam, who states that it is "the most fascinating and the most discussed philosophical argument since Kant's Transcendental Deduction of the Categories". Three aspects of indeterminacy arise, of which two relate to indeterminacy of translation. The three indeterminacies are (i) inscrutability of reference, and (ii) holophrastic indeterminacy, and (iii) the underdetermination of scientific theory. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Dictionary
A law dictionary (also known as legal dictionary) is a dictionary that is designed and compiled to give information about terms used in the field of law. Types Distinctions are made among various types of law dictionaries. Differentiating factors include: * Number of languages covered: a monolingual law dictionary covers one language, a bilingual covers two. * Number of fields covered: a single-field dictionary covers an entire field of law, whereas a sub-field dictionary covers a part of a field of law, e.g. a dictionary of Contract, contract law. Quality A good bilingual or Multilingualism, multilingual law dictionary needs to take the users' expected languages and Olivetti M20, professional competences into account. The lexicography, lexicographers therefore must consider the following aspects: dictionary user research, dictionary wikt:typology, typology, structure, and presentation of relevant information. When making a law dictionary, the lexicographers attempt to present ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translators
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''translating'' (a written text) and ''interpreting'' (oral or signed communication between users of different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of writing within a language community. A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, grammar, or syntax into the target-language rendering. On the other hand, such "spill-overs" have sometimes imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched target languages. Translators, including early translators of sacred texts, have helped shape the very languages into which they have translated. Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
