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Laramans
The term Laraman in Albanian language, Albanian refers to Crypto-christianity, crypto-Christians who adhered to Islam officially but continued to practice Christianity within the household during the Albania under the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman era. It was derived from the Albanian adjective ''i larmë'', meaning "variegated, motley, two-faced", a metaphor of "two-faithed" (''l'arë''), a reference to the Laramans following both Christianity (in secret) and Islam (nominally). The phenomenon was widespread in the mid to late Ottoman Albania, Ottoman era among both northern and southern Albanians, and arose after half-hearted conversions in the contexts of anti-Christian persecution, to avoid payment of jizya, poll taxes, and to obtain worldly advantages such as government employment. While the Orthodox church typically tolerated crypto-Christians among its flocks, Catholic policy varied by place and time between having priests travel to ''laraman'' houses in secret, and categorically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stublla
Viti ( sq-definite, Vitia) or Vitina ( sr-Cyrl, Витина) is a town and municipality located in the District of Gjilan in Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the town of Viti has 4,924 inhabitants, while the municipality has 46,987 inhabitants. Geography The town of Viti and the southern part of the Municipality lies on the foothills of the Skopska Crna Gora Mountains. History Ottoman period The municipality has several settlements historically inhabited by the Laramans, crypto-Catholics. Kosovo War and aftermath During the Kosovo War 16 KLA soldiers, as well as 5 Serb soldiers and policemen were killed in Viti. The entire fighting happened in 1999 and in the southern part of the municipality, near the Karadak Mountains, in villages such as Lubishtë, Gjylekare, Mogillë, Smirë, Kabash and Dëbëlldeh. During and after the Kosovo War 76 civilians were killed, 38 Albanians and 38 Serbs. Following the 1999 Kosovo War, it was the home of A Company, 2/505 Parachut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crypto-christianity
Crypto-Christianity is the secret adherence to Christianity, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians". In places and time periods where Christians were persecuted or Christianity was outlawed, instances of crypto-Christianity have surfaced. History Various time periods and places have seen large crypto-Christian groups and underground movements. This was usually the reaction to either threats of violence or legal action. Roman Empire Secrecy is a motif which is found in the New Testament, particularly in Mark's Gospel. According to the Gospels, Jesus was concealing his mission or his messianic identity until a certain time, and he ordered his disciples to do the same, for e.g. in Mark 9:9, after the Transfiguration "''Jesus gave them orders not to tell anyone what they had seen''". This motif has been called "the messianic secret" and it has been interpreted in different ways. According to one int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crypto-Christian Serbs
After Ottoman conquests of Serbian lands in the late 14th century, conversion of Orthodox Christian Serbs began. Konstantin Mihailović (fl. 1455–63), an Ottoman janissary of Serb origin, spoke of Crypto-Christian Serbs in the janissary corps, having been converted as boys through the ''Devşirme''. The first documented evidence of Crypto-Christianity in Serbs comes from an Ottoman Serbian ''deli'' (warrior) confessing to a French ambassador at the Ottoman court in 1568. He confesses that he belongs to the Serb nation and faith, that he lives with Turks and simulates himself (as a Muslim), but that he was born as, and in his heart is, a Christian. Religious syncretism in Serb families is documented in Ottoman documents. An 1848 census of Ottoman Novi Pazar shows instances of "one brother believes in Christ, the other in Muhammed", and several ones where the father is Christian and his sons Muslims. In the Sandžak area (historical Raška), even after World War I, some Christian wid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Clement XI – Pier Leone Ghezzi (c
The pope is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929 of the much smaller Vatican City state. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. The current pope is Leo XIV, who was elected on 8 May 2025 on the second day of the 2025 papal conclave. Although his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. The word "see" comes from the Latin for 'seat' or 'chair' (, referring in particular to the one on which the newly elected pope sits during the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toma Raspasani
Toma Raspasani (, c. 1648-1718) was an Albanian Franciscan friar and vicar, subordinate Pjetër Bogdani, Archbishop of Skopje, with whom he organized an Albanian pro-Austrian movement that would fight in the Great Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire. Life He was born in 1648. His definite birthplace has not been established, and it is thought to have been in either Skopska Crna Gora, or the surroundings of Prizren or Peja. According to British author Noel Malcolm it was Skopska Crna Gora. At the time these were part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Üsküb and Sanjak of Prizren. He most likely enrolled in the primary school and theological school of Janjevo. Toma was educated by Jesuits at Illyrian college in Loreto. After studying in Italy he was appointed parish priest in Prizren in 1679. According to different sources, he spoke Albanian, Serbian, Latin and Italian. A rare letter written in Albanian sent to Propaganda Fide in Rome from Pult in Albania has been argued lately to hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pjetër Bogdani
Pjetër Bogdani (; 1627 – 6 December 1689) was the most original writer of Old Albanian literature. He was author of the Cuneus Prophetarum (''The Band of the Prophets''), 1685, the first prose work of substance written originally in (Gheg) Albanian (i.e. not a translation). He organized a resistance against the Ottomans and a pro-Austrian movement in Kosovo in 1689 that included Muslim and Christian Albanians. Life and work He was born in the village of Gur in the area of Has, near Prizren in 1627. Its exact location is unknown, but Robert Elsie has proposed two modern day villages of Gjonaj and Breg Drini in Prizren area. Bogdani was educated in the traditions of the Catholic Church. His uncle Andrea Bogdani (c. 1600–1683) was Archbishop of Skopje and author of a Latin-Albanian grammar, now lost. His families surname Bogdani is an Albanian surname meaning 'son of Bogdan ‘. It is of Slavic origin and Bogdan in Slavic means "God-given". Bogdani is said to have rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Turkish War
The Great Turkish War () or The Last Crusade, also called in Ottoman sources The Disaster Years (), was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (1684), Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland-Lithuania, Republic of Venice, Venice, Tsardom of Russia, Russia, and Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867), the Kingdom of Hungary. Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The war was a resounding defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost substantial territory, in Ottoman Hungary, Hungary and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as in part of the western Balkans. The war was significant also for being the first instance of Russia joining an alliance with Western Europe. Historians have labeled the war as the Fourteenth Crusade launched against the Turks by the papacy. The French did not join the Holy League, as France had agreed to r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogdani
Bogdani is an Albanian surname meaning 'son of Bogdan'. It is of Slavic origin, probably Serbian language, as Bogdan in Slavic means "God-given". Notable people with the surname include: * Andrea Bogdani (1600–1683), Ottoman scholar of Albanian origin and Roman Catholic prelate * Erjon Bogdani (born 1977), Albanian footballer * Gerti Bogdani (born 1980), Albanian politician * Llukë Bogdani (d. 1687), Ottoman poet of Albanian origin * Pjetër Bogdani (1627–1689), Albanian writer In addition, Jakob Bogdani was a Hungarian painter who Anglicized his original last name Bogdány to Bogdani. See also * * Bogdan Bogdan (Cyrillic: Богдан) is a Slavic masculine name that appears in the South Slavic languages and in Polish, Romanian and Moldovan. It is derived from the Slavic words ''Bog'' (Cyrillic: Бог), meaning 'god', and ''dan'' (Cyrillic: ..., Bohdan * Bogdanov * Bogdany (other) {{surname, Bogdani Albanian-language surnames Patronymic su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suhareka
Suva Reka ( sr-Cyrl, Сува Река) or Suharekë () or Therandë () is a List of cities in Kosovo, town and Municipalities of Kosovo, municipality located in the District of Prizren, Prizren district of central-southern Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the town has 10,422 inhabitants, while the municipality has 59,722 inhabitants mostly Kosovo Albanians. Suva Reka is located from the city of Prizren, and from Kosovo's capital, Pristina. Name ''Suva Reka'' means "dry river" in the Serbian language. The Albanian spellings are ''Suharekë'' or ''Suhareka'' (derived from the Slavic form), while an alternative ''Therandë'', was adopted from an unlocated ancient site (possibly in Suhareka or Lubizhda in the Mirusha valley. History Historical background The municipality includes several medieval sites and old settlements, such as the villages of Banjë, Suharekë, Duhël, Mushtishtë, Popolan, Reçan, and churches of Church of the Virgin Hodegetria, Mušutište, Virgin Ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatwa
A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist ('' faqih'') in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a ''mufti'', and the act of issuing fatwas is called ''ifta. Fatwas have played an important role throughout Islamic history, taking on new forms in the modern era. Resembling ''jus respondendi'' in Roman law and rabbinic ''responsa'', privately issued fatwas historically served to inform Muslim populations about Islam, advise courts on difficult points of Islamic law, and elaborate substantive law. In later times, public and political fatwas were issued to take a stand on doctrinal controversies, legitimize government policies or articulate grievances of the population. During the era of mass European/Christian invasions, fatwas played a part in mobilizing resistance against foreign aggressors. Muftis acted as independent scholars in the classical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propaganda Fide
The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (CEP; ) was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities. It is also known by its former title, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (), or simply the ''Propaganda Fide''. On 5 June 2022, it was merged with the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization into the Dicastery for Evangelization. It was responsible for Latin Church pre-diocesan missionary jurisdictions: missions sui iuris, apostolic prefectures (neither entitled to a titular bishop) and apostolic vicariates. Eastern Catholic equivalents like apostolic exarchate are the responsibility of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches. However many former missionary jurisdictions – mainly in the Third World – remain, after promotion to diocese of (Metropolitan) Archdiocese, under the Propaganda Fide instead of the normally competent Congregation for Bishops, no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
