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Lakhi Jungle (jungle)
Lakhi Jungle, also known as Lakhi Jangali, was a historical jungle located in present-day Punjab, India. It should not be confused with the historical Machhiwara (jungle), Machhiwara jungle. The region was referred to as the Lakhi-Jangal tract. A number of toponyms of ''Pargana, parganas'' were recorded in Mughal documents bearing the ''Lakhi'' suffix. History A jungle formed in this area due to the shifting course of the Sutlej, Sutlej river. A Bhati, Bhatti chief, named Rana Lakhi, is said to have settled in the area of the Lakhi Jungle around the turn of the millennium between the 10th and 11th centuries. During the Mughal-period, the Lakhi Jungle was a ''Faujdar, faujdari''-district under the Birun-Panjnad area of the Dipalpur Sarkar of Subah of Multan, Multan Subah. The ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur and tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh visited this place. During the time period of Guru Gobind Singh and later, the area of the later Firozpur division was covered by a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kotkapura
Kotkapura is a historic city in Faridkot district, Punjab, India. some 15 km from Faridkot City, 50 km from Bathinda, 40 km from Moga and 30 km from Muktsar in the state of Punjab, India. It is the largest city in the Faridkot District and has a large cotton market. It takes around 15 minutes by bus from Faridkot, 4 hours by road from Chandigarh and 2 hours from Ludhiana, and 8 hours from New Delhi by train to reach the city. It is a central city on route to Ganganagar, Ludhiana, Bathinda, Firozpur, etc. KotkKapura takes its name from its founder, Nawab Kapur Singh, and the word 'Kot', meaning a small fort – literally the 'Fort of Kapura'. The city is known for its "Dhodha Sweet" and "Atta Chicken" both of which are exported outside India. Kotkapura, like many other small cities in India, is undergoing modernization. Shastri Market or Maheshwari Street established by Bansi Dhar Maheshwari (1875-1935) is one of the most populous and largest markets in Punjab. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punjab Canal Colonies
The Punjab Canal Colonies is the name given to parts of western Punjab which were brought under cultivation through the construction of canals and agricultural colonisation during the British Raj. The Punjab underwent an agricultural revolution, with arid subsistence production getting replaced by commerce-oriented production of huge amounts of wheat, cotton and sugar. Between 1885 and 1940, nine canal colonies were created in the inter-fluvial tracts west of the Beas and Sutlej and east of the Jhelum rivers. In total, over one million Punjabis settled in the new colonies, relieving demographic pressures in central Punjab. Many of these colonies were called Chak and given a number. Earlier their equivalent subdivisions use to be the Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir, which were replaced by the administrative divisions of India after the Indian independence in 1947, though the Chak as name of villages still continues in the former Punjab Canal Colonies. Background ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Bangladesh, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the tropics. In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical primary forests. These are areas of mature rainforest that are especially important for biodiversity and carbon storage. The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far. More than ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Samad Khan
Abd al-Samad Khan Al-Ansari or Abd-us-Samad Khan Al-Ansari (died 1737), also known simply as Abdus Samad Khan, was the Mughal Empire, Mughal subahdar of Subah of Lahore, Lahore Subah from 1713 to 1726, and of Multan Subah from 1726 until his death in 1737. He was succeeded by his son Zakariya Khan Bahadur in the both provinces. Early life Abdus Samad Khan was born in Samarqand. His father, Abdullah Ahrar, was a well-known Naqshbandi saint and a descendant of Khwaja Ahrar of Baghdad, while his mother came from the family of Shaikh Umar of Baghistan. Originally, the family lived in Tashkand before settling in Samarqand, where they remained until Abdullah Ahrar died on February 20, 1690. Searching for better prospects, Abdus Samad Khan left his homeland and moved to India. During Emperor Aurangzeb’s reign, he found work in the Deccan region, though he did not achieve any notable success there. His fortunes began to change under Emperor Bahadur Shah I. A significant turning po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zamindar
A zamindar in the Indian subcontinent was an autonomous or semi-autonomous feudal lord of a ''zamindari'' (feudal estate). The term itself came into use during the Mughal Empire, when Persian was the official language; ''zamindar'' is the Persian for ''landowner''. During the British Raj, the British began using it as a local synonym for "estate". Zamindars as a class were equivalent to lords and barons; in some cases, they were independent sovereign princes. Similarly, their holdings were typically hereditary and came with the right to collect taxes on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes. During the Mughal Empire, as well as the British rule, zamindars were the land-owning nobility of the Indian subcontinent and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs. Most of the big zamindars belonged to the Hindu high-caste, usually Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, or Kayastha. During the colonial era, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rakhi System
The Rakhi system (Punjabi: ਰੱਖਿਆ; ''rakhi'a, rakhi'ā, rakhiaa;'' meaning "security") was a tributary protectorate scheme practiced by the Dal Khalsa of the Sikh Confederacy in the 18th century. It was alternatively called the Jamadari system. Background Due to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, administration in the Punjab had broken down considerably and many bandits, "brigands", and "highwaymen" ran amok terrorizing and stealing from the local population. The situation with the local government was no better; the poor administration of Mir Mannu's widow, Mughlani Begum, and the antics of Adina Beg, further worsened the local conditions in the land of five rivers. The Mughal officials had become titular in their positions and had no real control or authoritative power anylonger. Furthermore, the local economy was in tatters, revenue collection by officials had ceased to function, and powerful feudal lords, named ''zamindars'', were exploiting the peasantry. To mee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muzaffar Alam
Muzaffar Alam (born 3 February 1947) is the George V. Bobrinskoy Professor in South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. Biography Muzaffar Alam is a historian trained at Jamia Millia Islamia (New Delhi), Aligarh Muslim University and Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi), where he obtained his doctorate in history in 1977. Before joining the SALC at the University of Chicago in 2001, he taught three decades at the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and has held visiting positions in the Collège de France (Paris), Leiden University, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the EHESS (Paris). Research Alam's research focuses on Mughal political and institutional history and the history of Indo-Islamic culture. Alam has taught courses on the history of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Campaign Of Ahmad Shah Durrani
{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani , partof = the Decline of the Mughal Empire and Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Durrani , image = {{Multiple image , perrow = 2 , total_width = 300 , align = center , background color = transparent , header_background = transparent , footer_background = transparent , caption_align = center , image1 = A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's.jpg , image2 = The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg , image3 = Sultan Ul Quam Jassa Singh Ahluwalia.jpg , image4 = Battle of Kup.jpg , caption1 = A headless Baba Deep Singh fighting the Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar , caption2 = Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat , caption3 = Jassa Singh Ahluwalia entering Lahore after the successful Siege of Lahore , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought over fifteen major military campaigns. Nine of them being centered in India, three in Khorasan province, Khorasan, and three in Afghan Turkestan. Having rarely lost a battle, historians widely recognize Ahmad Shah as a brilliant military leader and tactician, typically being compared to rulers such as Mahmud of Ghazni, Babur, and as well as Nader Shah. Historian Hari Ram Gupta refers to Ahmad Shah as the "greatest general of Asia of his time", as well as one of the greatest conquerors in Asian history. Name and title His birth name was Ahmad Khan, born into the Durrani, Abdali tribe. After his accession to power in 1747, he became known as Ahmad Shah. His tribe also changed the name from Abdali, instead becoming the Durrani. Afghans often ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Durrani Empire
The Durrani Empire, colloquially known as the Afghan Empire, or the Saddozai Kingdom, was an Afghanistan, Afghan empire founded by the Durrani tribe of Pashtuns under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, which spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant List of Muslim states and dynasties, Islamic empires of the second half of the 18th century. Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan (ethnonym), Afghan chieftain of the Durrani, Abdali tribe) and the commander of Nader Shah, Nader Shah Afshar. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, and Peshawar. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from ''Abdali'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.. Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some , ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east." The Mughal Empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a Tribal chief, chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid Iran, Safavid and Ottoman Empires Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
