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Rakhi System
The Rakhi system (Punjabi: ਰੱਖਿਆ; ''rakhi'a, rakhi'ā, rakhiaa;'' meaning "security") was a tributary protectorate scheme practiced by the Dal Khalsa of the Sikh Confederacy in the 18th century. It was alternatively called the Jamadari system. Background Due to the invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, administration in the Punjab had broken down considerably and many bandits, "brigands", and "highwaymen" ran amok terrorizing and stealing from the local population. The situation with the local government was no better; the poor administration of Mir Mannu's widow, Mughlani Begum, and the antics of Adina Beg, further worsened the local conditions in the land of five rivers. The Mughal officials had become titular in their positions and had no real control or authoritative power anylonger. Furthermore, the local economy was in tatters, revenue collection by officials had ceased to function, and powerful feudal lords, named ''zamindars'', were exploiting the peasantry. To mee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letter From Pratap Singh Of Jaipur Addressed To The Sarbat Khalsa Of The Dal Khalsa Discussing His Surrender To The Sikhs, Divvying Up The Land From Their Conquests In The Bagar Region, And Acceptance Of Paying The Rakhi Tax
Letter, letters, or literature may refer to: Characters typeface * Letter (alphabet), a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech or none in the case of a silent letter; any of the symbols of an alphabet * Letterform, the graphic form of a letter of the alphabet, either as written or in a particular type font * Rehearsal letter in an orchestral score Communication * Letter (message), a form of written communication ** Mail * Letters, the collected correspondence of a writer or historically significant person **Pauline epistles, addressed by St. Paul to various communities or congregations, such as "Letters to the Galatians" or "Letters to the Corinthians", and part of the canonical books of the Bible ** Maktubat (other), the Arabic word for collected letters * The letter as a form of second-person literature; see Epistle ** Epistulae (Pliny) ** Epistolary novel, a long-form fiction composed of letters (epistles) * Open letter, a public letter as d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Maratha states under the nominal leadership of the former. The Marathas were a Marathi language, Marathi-speaking peasantry group from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence under leadership of Shivaji (17th century), who revolted against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire for establishing "Hindavi Swarajya" (). The religious attitude of Aurangzeb, Emperor Aurangzeb estranged Kafir, non-Muslims, and the Deccan wars, Maratha insurgency came at a great cost for his men and treasury. The Maratha government also included warriors, administrators, and other nobles from other Marathi people, Marathi groups. Shivaji's monarchy, referred to as the Maratha Kingdom, expanded into a large realm in the 18th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hukamnama
A Hukamnama ( Punjabi: ਹੁਕਮਨਾਮਾ, translit. ''Hukamanāmā''), in modern-times, refers to a hymn from the Guru Granth Sahib which is given as an injunction, order, or edict to Sikhs. It also refers to edicts issued by the contemporary Takhts. In the historical sense, it was used to refer to an issued commandment, instruction, injunction, order, or edict given by one of the Gurus of Sikhism or their officiated followers and associates during their lives. Nowadays, after the period of human gurus, the Hukumnama refers to a hymn from a randomly selected left-hand side page from the Guru Granth Sahib on a daily basis in the morning. This is seen as the order of God for that particular day. The Hukamnama is distributed and then read aloud in Gurdwaras throughout the world. The verse taken from this ceremony is referred to as Vak or Hukam. Etymology Hukamnama, is a compound of two words '' hukam'', meaning command or order, and ''namah'', meaning statement. Hist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharif Crop
Kharif crops, also known as monsoon crops or autumn crops, are domesticated plants that are cultivated and harvested in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during the Indian subcontinent's monsoon season, which lasts from June to November depending on the area. Monsoon rains may begin as early as May in some parts of the Indian subcontinent, and crops are generally harvested from the third week of September to October. Rice, maize, and cotton are some of the major Kharif crops in India. Unlike the Rabi crops, which are grown in the winter, the kharif crops require good rainfall. Etymology The words ''Kharif'' and '' rabi'' both have their origins in the Arabic via Classical Persian. These came to be used in India with the ascent of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent and have been widely used ever since. ''Kharif'' means "autumn" in Arabic. The sowing happens during the monsoon and reaping happens close to autumn in the Indian subcontinent; this proximity to the autumn re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karah Parshad
In Sikhism, Karah Parshad (Punjabi: ਕੜਾਹ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦ ), alternatively known as Deg or Degh (literally meaning "cooking pot"), is a type of whole wheat flour halva made with equal portions of whole-wheat flour, clarified butter, and sugar and double quantity of water. It is offered to all visitors to the Darbar Sahib in a Gurdwara. Overview It is regarded as a treat for attendees of gurmat seminars. As a sign of humanity and respect, visitors accept the Prashad sitting, with hands raised and cupped. The offering and receiving of this food is a vital part of hospitality protocols. It has the same amount of whole-wheat flour, clarified butter and sugar, to emphasize the equality of men and women. The Sewadar serves it out of the same bowl to everyone in equal portions. The Karah prasad is a sacred food; if it is not accepted, it may be interpreted by some Sikhs as an insult. Prashad is also taken at the initiation ceremony of Amrit Sanchar at the very end where i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalandhar Doab
Doaba, also known as Bist Doab or the Jalandhar Doab, is the region of Punjab, India that lies between the Beas River and the Sutlej River. People of this region are given the demonym "Doabia". The dialect of Punjabi spoken in Doaba is called "Doabi". The term "Doaba" or "Doab" is derived from Persian (do āb, literally "two odies ofwater"), and signifies a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers. The river Sutlej separates Doaba from the Malwa region of India to its south and the river Beas separates Doaba from the Majha region, split between Pakistan and India, to its north. Scheduled castes form more than 40% of the population in Doaba. This area is also called the NRI Hub of Punjab as a consequence of the migration of a significant percentage of Doabias. Districts of Doaba Doaba comprises the following districts: *Hoshiarpur *Kapurthala *Jalandhar * Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar Sub-divisions Manjki Manjki includes a large part of Nak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rupee
Rupee (, ) is the common name for the currency, currencies of Indian rupee, India, Mauritian rupee, Mauritius, Nepalese rupee, Nepal, Pakistani rupee, Pakistan, Seychellois rupee, Seychelles, and Sri Lankan rupee, Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghan rupee, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (as the Gulf rupee), East African rupee, British East Africa, Burmese rupee, Burma, German East African rupie, German East Africa (as German East African rupie, Rupie/Rupien), and Historical money of Tibet, Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as ''rupiah'' and ''rufiyaa'' respectively, cognates of the word rupee. The Indian rupee and Pakistani rupee are subdivided into one hundred paisa, paise (singular ''paisa'') or pice. The Nepalese rupee (रू) subdivides into one hundred paisa (singular and plural) or four sukaas. The Mauritian rupee, Mauritian, Seychellois rupee, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lakh
A lakh (; abbreviated L; sometimes written lac) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation: 105). In the Indian 2, 2, 3 convention of digit grouping, it is written as 1,00,000. For example, in India, 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 ''lakh'' rupees, written as 1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000. It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is often used in Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan English. Usage In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun with either an unmarked or marked ("-s") plural, respectively. For example: "1 ''lakh'' people"; "''lakhs'' of people"; "20 ''lakh'' rupees"; "''lakhs'' of rupees". In the abbreviated form, usage such as "5L" or "5 lac" (for "5 ''lakh'' rupees") is common. In this system of numeration, 100 ''lakh'' is called one '' crore'' and i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sketch Map Of The Country Of The Sikhs (Sikh Confederacy), By Lt
Sketch or Sketches may refer to: * Sketch (drawing), a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work Arts, entertainment and media * Sketch comedy, a series of short scenes or vignettes called sketches Film and television * ''Sketch'' (2007 film), a Malayalam film * ''Sketch'' (2018 film), a Tamil film * ''Sketch'' (2024 film), an American comedy horror film * ''Sketch'' (TV series), a 2018 South Korean series * "Sketch", a 2008 episode of ''Skins'' ** Sketch (''Skins'' character) * Sketch with Kevin McDonald, a 2006 CBC television special Literature * Sketch story, or sketch, a very short piece of writing * ''Daily Sketch'', a British newspaper 1909–1971 * ''The Sketch'', a British illustrated weekly journal 1893–1959 Music * Sketch (music), an informal document prepared by a composer to assist in composition * The Sketches, a Pakistani Sufi folk rock band * ''Sketch'' (Ex Norwegian album), 2011 * ''Sketch'' (Lilas Ikuta a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslim Rajputs
Muslim Rajputs or Musalman Rajpoots are the descendants of Rajputs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who generally are followers of Islam. They converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period onwards, creating various dynasties and states while retaining Hindu surnames such as Chauhan. Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found mostly in present-day Northern India and Pakistan. They are further divided into different clans. History The term ''Rajput'' is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans, who claimed to be Kshatriya in the Hindu varna system. Conversion to Islam and ethos Upon their conversion from Hinduism to Islam, many Muslim Rajputs maintained many of their Hindu customs, and hence retained their Cultural Hindu identity. Muslim Rajputs also often retained common social practices, such as purdah (seclusion of women), with Hindu Rajputs. Despite the difference in religious faith, where the questio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mughal People
The Mughals (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) are a Muslim corporate group from modern-day North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian Mongolic, and Turkic peoples that had historically settled in the Mughal India and mixed with the native Indian population. The term ''Mughal'' (or ''Moghul'' in Persian) literally means Mongol. Pakistan In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. India In North India The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname. They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. In Uttar Pradesh The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan. The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doab
''Doab'' () is a term used in South Asia Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India." for the tract Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. ‘two waters’ " of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve. Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve" In the ''Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary'', R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as ''do-āb'' (, literally "two odies ofwater") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers." Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
