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Kocuria Kristinae
''Rothia kristinae'' is a Gram positive bacterium. ''R. kristinae'' is a common human skin organism, but can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Background In 1974, a novel bacterium was isolated from the skin of a healthy adult woman. The novel species was originally named ''Micrococcus kristinae'', and was named after the person from which it was first isolated (Kristin Holding). (''Micrococcus lylae'' was also first isolated during the same study) In 1995, the species was reclassified into the genus ''Kocuria'' as ''Kocuria kristinae''. In 2018, further studies reclassified the species into genus '' Rothia'' as ''Rothia kristinae''. ''R. kristinae'' is Gram-positive, and the cells are coccoid which tend to group together as tetrads. It is slightly facultatively anaerobic, and forms pale cream to pale orange colonies when grown on agar. The optimum growth range is 25–37 °C, and is resistant to lysozyme. ''R. kristinae'' is a common skin and oral microorganism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram Positive
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skin Flora
Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota ( communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1,000 species upon human skin from nineteen phyla.Pappas S. (2009)Your Body Is a Wonderland ... of Bacteria ScienceNOW Daily News Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles. Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skin's immune system. However, resident microbes can cause skin diseases and enter the blood system, creating life-threatening diseases, particularly in immunosuppressed people. A major non-human skin flora is '' Batrachochytrium dendr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opportunistic Infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. These opportunities can stem from a variety of sources, such as a weakened immune system (as can occur in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or when being treated with immunosuppressive drugs, as in cancer treatment), an altered microbiome (such as a disruption in gut microbiota), or breached integumentary barriers (as in penetrating trauma). Many of these pathogens do not necessarily cause disease in a healthy host that has a non-compromised immune system, and can, in some cases, act as commensals until the balance of the immune system is disrupted. Opportunistic infections can also be attributed to pathogens which cause mild illness in healthy individuals but lead to more serious illness when given the opportunity to take advantage of an immunocompromised host. Types of opportunistic infections A wide variet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrococcus Lylae
''Micrococcus lylae'' is a gram positive bacterium. The normal habitat for this ''Micrococcus'' species is skin, dust, and water. Its type strain is ATCC 27566. It grows in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight, and colonies are often brightly pigmented. They are strictly aerobic Aerobic means "requiring air," in which "air" usually means oxygen. Aerobic may also refer to * Aerobic exercise, prolonged exercise of moderate intensity * Aerobics, a form of aerobic exercise * Aerobic respiration, the aerobic process of cell .... See also *'' Kocuria kristinae'' References External linksVumicro entry [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rothia (bacterium)
''Rothia'' is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial genus from the family Micrococcaceae. ''Rothia'' bacteria can cause disease in humans and immunosuppressed Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reacti ... humans. ''Rothia'' is prevalent in our saliva and it produces enterobactin. This is a strong iron-binding siderophore, which is produced by ''E. coli''. ''Rothia'' is also prevalent in our gut and causes the emergence of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. References Further reading * * Micrococcaceae Bacteria genera {{Actinobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccus
A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium or archaeon that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral ( of which there are two types: spirillum and spirochete). Coccus refers to the shape of the bacteria, and can contain multiple genera, such as staphylococci or streptococci. Cocci can grow in pairs, chains, or clusters, depending on their orientation and attachment during cell division. In contrast to many bacilli-shaped bacteria, most cocci bacteria do not have flagella and are non-motile. Cocci is an English loanword of a modern or neo-Latin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun () meaning 'berry'. Structure The cell wall structure for cocci may vary between gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layers) and gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layers). While living in their host organism, cocci can be pathogenic (e.g., strept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysozyme
Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, muramidase, ''N''-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan ''N''-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the following process: : Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages between ''N''-acetylmuramic acid and ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between ''N''-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins Peptidoglycan is the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell wall. This hydrolysis in turn compromises the integrity of bacterial cell walls causing lysis of the bacteria. Lysozyme is abundant in secretions including tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of the macrophages and the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Large amounts of lysozyme can be found in egg white. C-type lysozymes are closely related to α-lactalbumin in sequence and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oral Microbiology
Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms (microbiota) of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth is suited to the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid. Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: '' Actinomyces'', '' Arachnia'' (''Propionibacterium propionicus''), '' Bacteroides'', '' Bifidobacterium'', ''Eubacterium'', '' Fusobacterium'', '' Lactobacillus'', '' Leptotrichia'', ''Peptococcus'', '' Peptostreptococcus'', '' Propionibacterium'', '' Selenomonas'', '' Treponema'', and ''Veillonella''. Genera of fungi that are frequently found in the mouth include '' Candida'', '' Cladosporium'', '' Aspergillu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunocompromised
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation may also be due to genetic diseases/flaws such as SCID. In clinical settings, immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti- rejection measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised individual may particul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrococcaceae
The family ''Micrococcaceae'' includes bacterial genera of Gram positive cocci that inhabit the air and skin, such as '' Micrococcus luteus''. Genera The family ''Micrococcaceae'' comprises the following genera: * '' Acaricomes'' Pukall ''et al''. 2006 * ''Arthrobacter'' Conn and Dimmick 1947 (Approved Lists 1980) * '' Auritidibacter'' Yassin ''et al''. 2011 * ''Citricoccus'' Altenburger ''et al''. 2002 * '' Enteractinococcus'' Cao ''et al''. 2012 * ''Falsarthrobacter'' Busse and Moore 2018 * '' Galactobacter'' Hahne ''et al''. 2019 * '' Garicola'' Lo ''et al''. 2015 * ''Glutamicibacter'' Busse 2016 * '' Haematomicrobium'' Schumann and Busse 2017 * ''Kocuria'' Stackebrandt ''et al''. 1995 * '' Micrococcoides'' Tóth ''et al''. 2017 * ''Micrococcus'' Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) * ''Neomicrococcus'' Prakash ''et al''. 2015 * '' Nesterenkonia'' Stackebrandt ''et al''. 1995 * '' Paenarthrobacter'' Busse 2016 * '' Paeniglutamicibacter'' Busse 2016 * '' Pseudarthrobacter'' Busse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
