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Khwārazm Turkish
Khorezmian Turkic or Khwārazm Turkish (called ''Türki'' by its early user Nāṣir al-Dīn ibn Burhān al-Dīn Rabghūzī)M. van Damme, "Rabghūzī", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), . was a literary Turkic language of the medieval Golden Horde of Central Asia and Eastern Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries CE. The Khwārazm region was devoid of Turkic commonality until 11st when several conquests took place. In 13th century, with progressive Turkic settlements, the place became a Turkish dominated territory. Relationship to other languages Khorezmian Turkic is generally thought to have emerged from the Karakhanid language and to have transitioned into the Chagatai language, which would remain an important language of Central Asia until the twentieth century. Khorezmian was based on Old Turkic further to the east, though incorporating local Oghuz and Kipchak Kipchak may refer to: * Kipchaks, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Blue Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai Khan, Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Özbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Ural Mountains, Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol and later Turkification, Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids. The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan, which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate. In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate. Finally, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkic Languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China, where Proto-Turkic language, Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken, from where they Turkic migration, expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium. They are characterized as a dialect continuum. Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish language, Turkish, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by Uzbek language, Uzbek. Characteristic features such as vowel harmony, agglutination, subject-object-verb order, and lack of grammatical gender, are almost universal within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Turkic Languages
Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages which had diverged earlier. Classification Lars Johanson, Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups: * Oghuz languages, Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz) * Kipchak languages, Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak) * Karluk languages, Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk) * Siberian Turkic languages, Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) * Argu languages, Arghu (Khalaj) In that classification scheme, Common Turkic is opposed to the Oghuric languages (Lir-Turkic). The Common Turkic languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic ''š'' versus Oghuric ''l'' and Common Turkic ''z'' versus Oghuric ''r''. Siberian Turkic is split into a "Central Siberian Turkic" and "North Siberian Turkic" branch within the classification presented in Glottolog v4.8. In other classification schemes (such as those of A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karluk Languages
The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks. Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language. Karluk Turkic was once spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara, Kokand Khanate, Khiva Khanate, Maimana Khanate. Classification Languages * Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers * Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers * Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turks, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980) * Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karakhanid Language
Karakhanid, also known as Khaqani Turkic ( meaning 'imperial' or 'royal', self referring to as '' or ''), was a Turkic language developed in the 11th century during the Middle Turkic period under the Kara-Khanid Khanate. It has been described as the first literary Islamic Turkic language. It is sometimes classified under the Old Turkic category, rather than Middle Turkic, as it is contemporary to the East Old Turkic languages of Orkhon Turkic and Old Uyghur. Eastern Middle Turkic languages, namely Khorezmian Turkic and later Chagatai are descendants of the Karakhanid language. Karakhanid vocabulary was influenced by Arabic and Persian loanwords, but the language itself was still noted to be similar to the Old Uyghur language. The language was written using the Arabic script. Mahmud al-Kashgari's ''Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk'' and Yūsuf Balasaguni's ''Kutadgu Bilig'' are considered to be important literary works written in Karakhanid language. History It was spoken between th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagatai Language
Chagatai (, ), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (), is an Extinct language, extinct Turkic languages, Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia. It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including Western Turkestan, western or Russian Turkestan (i.e. parts of modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), East Turkestan, Eastern Turkestan (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), Crimea, the Volga region (such as Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), etc. Chagatai is the ancestor of the Uzbek language, Uzbek and Uyghur language, Uyghur languages. Kazakh language, Kazakh and Turkmen language, Turkmen, which are not within the Karluk branch but are in the Kipchak languages, Kipchak and Oghuz languages, Oghuz branches of the Turkic languages respectively, were nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries. Ali-Shir Nava'i wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nāṣir Al-Dīn Ibn Burhān Al-Dīn Rabghūzī
Nāṣir al-Dīn ibn Burhān al-Dīn Rabghūzī was a Turkic judge living under the Chaghatay Khanate (perhaps in Transoxiana, in Ribāṭ Oghuz) around 1310 CE. He is known for translating a text generally known as ''Qiṣaṣ-i Rabg̲h̲ūzī'' into Khwārazm Turkish, affording one of the main sources for that language.M. van Damme, "Rabghūzī", in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), . ''Qiṣaṣ-i Rabghūzī'' The only source for Rabghūzī is his ''Qiṣaṣ-i Rabghūzī'', a text in the Islamic religious genre known as '' Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ'' (stories about the prophets), including around seventy poems, some in Khwārazm Turkish and others in Arabic. The text was commissioned by an otherwise unknown Mongol prince called Nāṣir al-Dīn Tuḳ Bugha and completed in 1310/1311 CE. In the assessment of H. E. Boeschoten and J. O'Kane, though inspired by Arabic and Persian predecessors, Rabghūzī's comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Language
Literary language is the Register (sociolinguistics), register of a language used when writing in a formal, academic writing, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as formal language. It may be the Standard language, standardized variety of a language. It can sometimes differ noticeably from the various spoken language, spoken Variety (linguistics), lects, but the difference between literary and non-literary forms is greater in some languages than in others. If there is a strong divergence between a written form and the spoken vernacular, the language is said to exhibit diglossia. The understanding of the term differs from one linguistic tradition to another and is dependent on the terminological conventions adopted. Literary English For much of its history, there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language (written) and a colloquialism, colloquial or vernacular language (sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Asia
Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Persian suffix "-stan" (meaning ) in both respective native languages and most other languages. The region is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the southwest, European Russia to the northwest, China and Mongolia to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the south, and Siberia to the north. Together, the five Central Asian countries have a total population of around million. In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras ( and earlier) Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by Iranian peoples, populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, Khwarezmian language, Chorasmians, and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae. As the result of Turkic migration, Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Volga Tatars, Tatars, Turkmens, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountains, and its western boundary is defined in various ways. Narrow definitions, in which Central Europe, Central and Southeast Europe are counted as separate regions, include Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In contrast, broader definitions include Moldova and Romania, but also some or all of the Balkans, the Baltic states, the Caucasus, and the Visegrád Group, Visegrád group. The region represents a significant part of Culture of Europe, European culture; the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically largely been defined by the traditions of the Slavs, as well as by the influence of Eastern Christianity as it developed through the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Another definition was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Turkic Language
Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic languages, Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic languages, Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 Anno Domini, AD to the Mongol invasions and conquests, Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Classification and dialects Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic language, Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language, some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak, Sergey Malov, Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
