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Kerala Iyers
Kerala Iyers, Pattars or Bhattars are Hindu Brahmins of the Indian state of Kerala; people who were residents in the Kerala region. The word "Pattar" originated from the Sanskrit word " Bhat", which is a common surname of Northern Brahmin Clans. The community consists of two groups: the Palakkad Iyers and the Iyers of the Cochin and Travancore regions. Kerala Iyers, like the Iyers of Tamil Nadu and the Nambudiris of Kerala, belonged to the Pancha-Dravida classification of India's Brahmin community. They mostly belonged to the Vadama and Brahacharanam sub-sects. Iyers were usually not recruited as the priest (shanthi) in Kerala temples which followed Tantric rituals. So Iyers being Vedic scholars built their own temples in their Agraharams to conduct puja, since they followed different rituals and not the Tantric rituals of the Nambudiris. Brahmana Samooham Where ever they settled, the Kerala Iyers lived together in communities. The settlement consisting of array of hous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhat
Bhat (also spelled as Bhatt or Butt, ) is a Brahmin surname used in the Indian subcontinent. Bhat and Bhatt are shortened renditions of Bhatta or Brahmabhatta. Etymology The word "Bhat" (, ) means "scholar" in Sanskrit. While the original shortened rendition of "Bhatta" was "Bhat" or "Bhatt," many of the Kashmiri Brahmin migrants to the Punjab region started spelling their surname as "Butt", which is the transliteration of the name when written using the Urdu/Persian alphabet (as opposed to Bhat when using the Devanagari alphabet). Geographic distribution Goa The surname is in use among some Konkani Goud Saraswat Brahmins as well as Konkani Christians (who trace their ancestry to the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins of Goa). Kashmir Bhat, also spelled as Bhatt, Batt or Butt, is a Kashmiri Pandit surname found among the Saraswat Brahmins indigenous to the Kashmir Valley, as well as the Kashmiri Brahmins who migrated to Punjab, a region now divided between India and the neighbo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenancy
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the user (referred to as the ''lessee'') to pay the owner (referred to as the ''lessor'') for the use of an asset. Property, buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial or business equipment are also leased. In essence, a lease agreement is a contract between two parties: the lessor and the lessee. The lessor is the legal owner of the asset, while the lessee obtains the right to use the asset in return for regular rental payments. The lessee also agrees to abide by various conditions regarding their use of the property or equipment. For example, a person leasing a car may agree to the condition that the car will only be used for personal use. The term rental agreement can refer to two kinds of leases: * A lease in which the asset is tangible property. Here, the user '' rents'' the asset (e.g. land or goods) ''let out'' or ''rented out'' by the owner (the verb ''to lease'' is less precise because it can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Reform In Kerala
Due to the ancient land relations and taxation and regulation under the British Raj, at the time of independence, India inherited a semi-feudal agrarian system, with ownership of land concentrated in the hands of a few individual landlords. Since independence, there has been voluntary and state initiated/mediated land reforms in several states. The most notable and successful example of land reforms are in the states of West Bengal and Kerala. The Land Reforms Ordinance was a law in the state of Kerala, India by K. R. Gowri Amma minister in the first EMS government. The EMS government was the first communist state government popularly elected to power in India, in the southern state of Kerala. Soon after taking its oath of office in 1957, the government introduced the controversial Land Reforms Ordinance, which was later made into an act. This, along with an Education Bill, raised a massive uproar from the landlord classes. The popular slogan for the radical socialists was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberation Struggle (Kerala)
The Liberation Struggle in Kerala (1958–59) was a period of anti-communist protest against the first elected state government in Kerala, led by E. M. S. Namboodiripad of the Communist Party of India. Organised opposition to the government was primarily driven by the Syro-Malabar Church, the Nair Service Society, the Indian Union Muslim League, and the Indian National Congress. The Communist Party alleged that the movement received substantial funding from sources outside India, facilitated by the CIA and international Catholic organisations. In the aftermath of the struggle, at least 15 people, mostly Christians, including a pregnant woman, died in various incidents of police firing. These events led the Indian central government, under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, to impose President's Rule and dismiss the state government. Background On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed through the States Reorganisation Act merging most of the Malabar District in the Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agraharam
An ''Agraharam'' (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāram) or ''Agrahara'' (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāra) was a grant of land and royal income from it, typically by a king or a noble family in India, for religious purposes, particularly to Brahmins to maintain temples in that land or a pilgrimage site and to sustain their families. Agraharams were also known as Chaturvedimangalams in ancient times. They were also known as ghatoka, and boya. Agraharams were built and maintained by dynasties such as the Pandya, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas, Vijayanagara and other Deccan dynasties since ancient times. They were known by different names in different parts of India, like Sāsana in Odisha. The name Agraharam originates from the fact that the agraharams have lines of houses on either side of the road and the temple to the village god at the centre, thus resembling a garland around the temple. According to the traditional Hindu practice of architecture and town-planning, an agraharam is held ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puja
Puja or Pooja may refer to: Religion *Puja (Hinduism), a ritual of devotional worship, to host and honour a guest, or one to celebrate an event *Puja (Buddhism), expressions of honour, worship and devotional attention * Puja, a wooden stick, sometimes leather-covered, used to play a singing bowl People *Pooja Banerjee (born 1991), Indian television actress *Pooja Bhatt (born 1972), Bollywood producer, director and actress * Puja Banerjee, Indian television actress *Pooja Gandhi, Indian film actress *Pooja Hegde, Indian actress *Pooja Jatyan (born 1998), Indian para archer * Pooja Pal (alternate spelling Puja Pal), Indian politician from the Bahujan Samaj Party * Pooja Shah (born 1979), British television actress *Pooja Singh, Indian television actress *Pooja Umashankar, Indian actress *Puja Gupta, winner of Miss India Universe in 2007 *Frigyes Puja (1921–2008), native form Puja Frigyes, Hungarian politician *Miss Pooja, (born 1980) (real name Gurinder Kaur Kainth), Indian singe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agraharams
An ''Agraharam'' (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāram) or ''Agrahara'' (Sanskrit IAST: agrahāra) was a grant of land and royal income from it, typically by a king or a noble family in India, for religious purposes, particularly to Brahmins to maintain temples in that land or a pilgrimage site and to sustain their families. Agraharams were also known as Chaturvedimangalams in ancient times. They were also known as ghatoka, and boya. Agraharams were built and maintained by dynasties such as the Pandya, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas, Vijayanagara and other Deccan dynasties since ancient times. They were known by different names in different parts of India, like Sāsana in Odisha. The name Agraharam originates from the fact that the agraharams have lines of houses on either side of the road and the temple to the village god at the centre, thus resembling a garland around the temple. According to the traditional Hindu practice of architecture and town-planning, an agraharam is held to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tantra
Tantra (; ) is an esoteric yogic tradition that developed on the India, Indian subcontinent beginning in the middle of the 1st millennium CE, first within Shaivism and later in Buddhism. The term ''tantra'', in the Greater India, Indian traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable "text, theory, system, method, instrument, technique or practice". A key feature of these traditions is the use of mantras, and thus they are commonly referred to as Mantramārga ("Path of Mantra") in Hinduism or Mantrayāna ("Mantra Vehicle") and Guhyamantra ("Secret Mantra") in Buddhism. In Buddhism, the Vajrayana traditions are known for tantric ideas and practices, which are based on Indian Tantras (Buddhism), Buddhist Tantras. They include Tibetan Buddhism, Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese Esoteric Buddhism, Japanese Shingon Buddhism and Nepalese Newar Buddhism. Although Southern Esoteric Buddhism does not directly reference the tantras, its practices and ideas parallel them. In Bud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brahacharanam
Brahacharanam is a sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins. The word "Brahacharanam" is a corruption of the Sanskrit word Brhatcharanam (). Many Brahacharanam follow the '' Advaita Vedanta'' philosophy propounded by Adi Shankara. Some Brahacharanam adhere to ''Shivadvaita''. The Brahacharanams, along with the Vadamas, form the major portion of the Kerala Iyer community. Sub-groups The Brahacharanam are divided into the following subgroups: Kandiramanickam(a village in Tiruvarur district,near Kodavasal,in Nachiyar kovil to Nannilam road) * Milaganur (a village in Sivagangai district) * Mangudi (a village in Tanjore district near Kumbakonam) * Manakkal (a village in Trichy) * Pazhamaneri (a village in Tanjore district) * Kolathur (a village in Kanchipuram district) * Marudancheri (a village in Sivagangai district) * Rajagambiram (a village in Sivagangai district near Manamadurai town ) * Ilanji (a village in Tirunelveli district) * Mazhavanattu * Sathyamangalam (E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vadama
Vadama, meaning "Northerners", are a sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins. While some believe that their name is an indication of the fact that they were the most recent Brahmin migrants to the Tamil country others interpret the usage of the term "Vadama" as a reference to their strict adherence to the Sanskrit language and Vedic rituals which are of northerly origin. Etymology The term ''Vadama'' may have originated from the Tamil term ''Vadakku'' meaning North, indicating the Northern origin of the Vadama Brahmins. However, what is not certain is whether 'North' refers to northern Tamil Nadu/Southern Deccan, or regions farther north. Other scholars are of the opinion that rather than the superficial indication of a northern origin for the people, the term ''"vadama"'' would rather refer to proficiency in Sanskrit and Vedic ritual, generally associated with the north prior to the first millennium CE. Sub-categories Vadamas are further sub-divided into five categ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pancha-Dravida
Pancha Dravida ( from Sanskrit: पंच ''pancha'') is one of the two major groupings of Brahmins in Hinduism, of which the other is Pancha-Gauda. In ''Rajatarangini'' Kalhana, in his ''Rajatarangini'' (c. 12th century CE), classifies the following five Brahmin communities as Pancha Dravida, stating that they reside to the south of the Vindhyas: * Karnataka ( Karnataka Brahmins) * Tailanga ( Telugu Brahmins) * Dravida (Brahmins of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) * Maharashtraka (Maharashtrian Brahmins) * Gurjara ( Gujarati Brahmins) In the ''Sahyādrikhaṇḍa'' A fragment of the '' Sahyādrikhaṇḍa'', featured in Hemadri's ''Chatur-varga-chintamani'' (13th century), quotes Shiva to name the following divisions of the Pancha Dravidas: * Drāviḍa * Tailaṅga * Karnāṭa * Madhyadeśa (identified with Mahārāṣṭra in variant readings) * Gurjara In the ''kaifiyat''s The Maratha-era '' kaifiyats'' (bureaucratic records) of Deccan, which give an account of the society i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
