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KN-Cipher
In cryptography, KN-Cipher is a block cipher created by Kaisa Nyberg and Lars Knudsen in 1995. One of the first ciphers designed to be provably secure against ordinary differential cryptanalysis, KN-Cipher was later broken using higher order differential cryptanalysis. Presented as "a prototype...compatible with DES", the algorithm has a 64-bit block size and a 6-round Feistel network structure. The round function is based on the cube operation in the finite field GF(233). The designers did not specify any key schedule In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of '' rounds''. The setup for each round is generally the same, except for round-specific fixed va ... for the cipher; they state, "All round keys should be independent, therefore we need at least 198 key bits." Cryptanalysis Jakobsen & Knudsen's higher order differential cryptanalysis breaks KN-Cipher with only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaisa Nyberg
Kaisa Nyberg is a Finnish cryptographer and computer security researcher. Contributions Nyberg's research includes the theory of perfect nonlinear S-boxes (now known as Nyberg S-boxes), provably secure block cipher design (resulting in KN-Cipher, and the cryptanalysis of the stream ciphers E0 and SNOW). Education and career Nyberg received her Ph.D. in mathematics in 1980 from the University of Helsinki. Her dissertation, ''On Subspaces of Products of Nuclear Fréchet Spaces'', was in topology, and was supervised by Edward Leonard Dubinsky. Nyberg began doing cryptography research for the Finnish Defence Forces in 1987, and moved to Nokia in 1998. She became professor of cryptology at Aalto University School of Science Aalto University (; ) is a public research university located in Espoo, Finland. It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities: the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics and the Univers ... in 2005, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finite Field
In mathematics, a finite field or Galois field (so-named in honor of Évariste Galois) is a field (mathematics), field that contains a finite number of Element (mathematics), elements. As with any field, a finite field is a Set (mathematics), set on which the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division are defined and satisfy certain basic rules. The most common examples of finite fields are the integers mod n, integers mod p when p is a prime number. The ''order'' of a finite field is its number of elements, which is either a prime number or a prime power. For every prime number p and every positive integer k there are fields of order p^k. All finite fields of a given order are isomorphism, isomorphic. Finite fields are fundamental in a number of areas of mathematics and computer science, including number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, finite geometry, cryptography and coding theory. Properties A finite field is a finite set that is a fiel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haifa
Haifa ( ; , ; ) is the List of cities in Israel, third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel. It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage. Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).Encyclopaedia Judaica, Encyclopedia Judaica, ''Haifa'', Keter Publishing, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 7, pp. 1134–1139 In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a Tool and die maker, dye-making center. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has changed hands: being conquered and ruled by the Canaanites, History of ancient Israel and Judah, Israelites, Phoenicians, Assy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer-Verlag
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fast Software Encryption
The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization that furthers research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference. Activities The IACR organizes and sponsors three annual flagship conferences, four area conferences in specific sub-areas of cryptography, and one symposium: * Crypto (flagship) * Eurocrypt (flagship) * Asiacrypt (flagship) * Fast Software Encryption (FSE) * Public Key Cryptography (PKC) * Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) * Theory of Cryptography (TCC) * Real World Crypto Symposium (RWC) Several other conferences and workshops are held in cooperation with the IACR. Starting in 2015, selected summer schools will be officially sponsored by the IACR. CRYPTO '83 was the first conference officially sponsored by the IACR. The IACR publishes the ''Journal of Cryptology'', in addition to the proceedings of its conference and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Jakobsen
Thomas Jakobsen is a mathematician, cryptographer, and computer programmer, formerly an assistant professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and head of research and development at IO Interactive. His notable work includes designing the physics engine A physics engine is computer software that provides an approximate simulation of certain physical systems, typically classical dynamics, including rigid body dynamics (including collision detection), soft body dynamics, and fluid dynamics. I ... and 3-D pathfinder algorithms for '' Hitman: Codename 47'', and the cryptanalysis of a number of block ciphers. Jakobsen earned an M.Sc. in engineering and Ph.D. in mathematics, both from DTU. External links * Living people Modern cryptographers Danish mathematicians Video game programmers Danish computer scientists Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people) {{crypto-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PostScript
PostScript (PS) is a page description language and dynamically typed, stack-based programming language. It is most commonly used in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing realm, but as a Turing complete programming language, it can be used for many other purposes as well. PostScript was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Brotz, Ed Taft and Bill Paxton from 1982 to 1984. The most recent version, PostScript 3, was released in 1997. History The concepts of the PostScript language were seeded in 1976 by John Gaffney at Evans & Sutherland, a computer graphics company. At that time, Gaffney and John Warnock were developing an interpreter for a large three-dimensional graphics database of New York Harbor. Concurrently, researchers at Xerox PARC had developed the first laser printer and had recognized the need for a standard means of defining page images. In 1975–76 Bob Sproull and William Newman developed the Press format, whic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Cryptology
The ''Journal of Cryptology'' () is a scientific journal in the field of cryptology and cryptography. The journal is published quarterly by the International Association for Cryptologic Research. Its editor-in-chief is Vincent Rijmen Vincent Rijmen (; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgium, Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard. Rijmen is also the co-designer of the WHIRLPOOL cryptographic hash function, and the block .... Springer, retrieved 2022-05-09. References External links [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Key Schedule
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of cipher, where the (de-)ciphering of data is typically done as an iteration of '' rounds''. The setup for each round is generally the same, except for round-specific fixed values called a round constant, and round-specific data derived from the cipher key called a round key. A key schedule is an algorithm that calculates all the round keys from the key. Some types of key schedules *Some ciphers have simple key schedules. For example, the block cipher TEA splits the 128-bit key into four 32-bit pieces and uses them repeatedly in successive rounds. * DES has a key schedule in which the 56-bit key is divided into two 28-bit halves; each half is thereafter treated separately. In successive rounds, both halves are rotated left by one or two bits (specified for each round), and then 48 round key bits are selected by Permuted Choice 2 (PC-2) – 24 bits from the left half and 24 from the right. The rotations h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cube (arithmetic)
In arithmetic and algebra, the cube of a number is its third exponentiation, power, that is, the result of multiplying three instances of together. The cube of a number is denoted , using a superscript 3, for example . The cube Mathematical operation, operation can also be defined for any other expression (mathematics), mathematical expression, for example . The cube is also the number multiplied by its square (algebra), square: :. The ''cube function'' is the function (mathematics), function (often denoted ) that maps a number to its cube. It is an odd function, as :. The volume of a Cube (geometry), geometric cube is the cube of its side length, giving rise to the name. The Inverse function, inverse operation that consists of finding a number whose cube is is called extracting the cube root of . It determines the side of the cube of a given volume. It is also raised to the one-third power. The graph of a function, graph of the cube function is known as the cubic para ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lars Knudsen
Lars Ramkilde Knudsen (born 21 February 1962) is a Denmark, Danish researcher in cryptography, particularly interested in the design and cryptanalysis, analysis of block ciphers, cryptographic hash function, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs). Academic After some early work in banking, Knudsen enrolled at Aarhus University in 1984 studying mathematics and computer science, gaining an MSc in 1992 and a PhD in 1994. In 1999 he became a professor at the University of Bergen, Norway and in 2001 he became a professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Ivan Damgård was Lars' mentor during his studies at Aarhus University. Publications Knudsen has published a couple of papers on cryptanalysis of cryptographic primitives, including the R-MAC scheme, the SHA-1 and MD2 (cryptography), MD2 hash functions, and a couple of block ciphers: Data Encryption Standard, DES, DFC (cipher), DFC, IDEA (cipher), IDEA, ICE (cipher), ICE, LOKI, MISTY, RC2, RC5, RC6, SC200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block Size (cryptography)
In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of bits. The length of this bit string is the block size. Both the input ( plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than the input this follows logically from the pigeonhole principle and the fact that the cipher must be reversibleand it is undesirable for the output to be longer than the input. Until the announcement of NIST's AES contest, the majority of block ciphers followed the example of the DES in using a block size of 64 bits (8 bytes). However, the birthday paradox In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of randomly chosen people, at least two will share the same birthday. The birthday paradox is the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that ... indicates that after accumulating several blocks equal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
