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KASCADE
KASCADE was a European physics experiment started in 1996 at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany (now Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie), an extensive Air shower (physics), air shower experiment array to study the cosmic ray primary composition and the hadronic interactions, measuring simultaneously the electronic, muonic and hadronic components. KASCADE-Grande was a further extension of the previous project by reassembling 37 detectors of the former EAS-TOP experiment running between 1987 and 2000 at Campo Imperatore, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Gran Sasso Laboratories, Italy. By this Grande extension of KASCADE the energy range was extended to 1014–1018 eV. The experiment contributed significantly to the development of the CORSIKA simulation program which is use heavily in astroparticle physics. Co-located with KASCADE-Grande is the LOPES (telescope), LOPES experiment. LOPES consists of radio antennas and measures the radio emiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LOPES (telescope)
The LOPES project (Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), LOFAR PrototypE Station) was a cosmic ray detector array, located in Karlsruhe, Germany, and is operated in coincidence with an existing, well calibrated air shower experiment called KASCADE. In 2013, after approximately 10 years of measurements, LOPES was finally switched off and dismantled. There are different ways to observe cosmic rays, or, more accurately, the Air shower (physics), air showers that cosmic rays produce when they enter our Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere. Traditionally, one directly measures the shower products that make it all the way to the surface. These may be detected by using for example particle counters. In the case of KASCADE, the muons in the shower produce a short flash of Cherenkov radiation, Cherenkov light when they traverse a slab of scintillator material. These flashes can be registered using photomultipliers. The LOPES project aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a different technique, in which no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tunka Experiment
The Tunka experiment now named TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) measures air showers, which are initiated by charged cosmic rays or high energy gamma rays. TAIGA is situated in Siberia in the Tunka valley close to lake Baikal. Meanwhile, TAIGA consists of five different detector systems: Tunka-133, Tunka-Rex, and Tunka-Grande for charged cosmic rays; Tunka-HiSCORE and Tunka-IACT for gamma astronomy. From the measurements of each detector it is possible to reconstruct the arrival direction, energy and type of the cosmic rays, where the accuracy is enhanced by the combination of different detector systems. The aim of the cosmic-ray measurements is to solve the question of the origin of the cosmic rays in the energy range up to about 1 EeV. Thus, the Tunka experiment explores the same energy range as the KASCADE-Grande cosmic-ray experiment at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and as the surface detector IceTop of the IceCube ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CORSIKA
CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for KAscade) is a physics computer software for simulation of extensive air showers induced by high energy cosmic rays, i.e. protons and atomic nuclei, as well as Gamma rays (photons), electrons, and neutrinos. It may be used up to and beyond the highest energies of 100 E eV. In the current version the program utilizes the hadronic interaction models EPOS, QGSJET, and DPMJET, which are based on Gribov-Regge theory, and SIBYLL based on a minijet model for high energies. Hadronic interactions at lower energies are described either by the GHEISHA module, by FLUKA, or by the UrQMD model. Electromagnetic interactions are treated by an adapted version of the EGS4 code, customized by including the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect relevant at higher energies. It can be used to simulate the generation of Cherenkov radiation, radio emission ( Askaryan radiation), and atmospheric neutrinos. A complete rewrite of CORSIKA in C++ named CO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Shower (physics)
Air showers are extensive Particle shower, cascades of subatomic particles and ionized nuclei, produced in the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere when a ''primary'' cosmic ray enters the atmosphere. Particles of cosmic radiation can be protons, Atomic nucleus, nuclei, electrons, photons, or (rarely) positrons. Upon entering the atmosphere, they interact with molecules and initiate a particle cascade that lasts for several generations, until the energy of the primary particle is fully converted. If the primary particle is a hadron, mostly light mesons like pions and kaons are produced in the first interactions, which then fuel a hadronic shower component that produces shower particles mostly through pion decay. Primary photons and electrons, on the other hand, produce mainly electromagnetic showers. Depending on the energy of the primary particle, the detectable size of the shower can reach several kilometers in diameter. The air shower phenomenon was unknowingly discovered by Bruno Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cosmic Ray
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays produce showers of secondary particles, some of which reach the surface, although the bulk are deflected off into space by the magnetosphere or the heliosphere. Cosmic rays were discovered by Victor Hess in 1912 in balloon experiments, for which he was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics. Direct measurement of cosmic rays, especially at lower energies, has been possible since the launch of the first satellites in the late 1950s. Particle detectors similar to those used in nuclear and high-energy physics are used on satellites and space probes for research into cosmic rays. Data from the Fermi Space Telescope (2013) have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Bucharest metropolitan area, metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 8th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures and comprises 6 districts (''Sectors of Bucharest, Sectoare''), while the metropolitan area covers . Bucharest is a major cultural, political and economic hub, the country's seat of government, and the capital of the Muntenia region. Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became the capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly History of architecture#Revivalism and Eclecticism, Eclectic, but also Neoclassical arc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institute Of Physics And Nuclear Engineering
An institute is an organizational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes can be part of a university or other institutions of higher education, either as a group of departments or an autonomous educational institution without a traditional university status such as a "university institute", or institute of technology. In some countries, such as South Korea and India, private schools are sometimes referred to as institutes; also, in Spain, secondary schools are referred to as institutes. Historically, in some countries, institutes were educational units imparting vocational training and often incorporating libraries, also known as mechanics' institutes. The word "institute" comes from the Latin word ''institutum'' ("facility" or "habit"), in turn derived from ''instituere'' ("build", "create", "raise" or "educat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the List of European countries by area, fifth largest EU country by area, covering . The capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland, Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Łódź
Łódź is a city in central Poland and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is located south-west of Warsaw. Łódź has a population of 655,279, making it the country's List of cities and towns in Poland, fourth largest city. Łódź first appears in records in the 14th century. It was granted city rights, town rights in 1423 by the Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and it remained a private town of the Kuyavian bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź was annexed to Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia before becoming part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw; the city joined Congress Poland, a Russian Empire, Russian client state, at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The Second Industrial Revolution (from 1850) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, a sizable part of which were Jews and Germans. Ever since the industrialization of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soltan Institute For Nuclear Studies
The Soltan Mosque (Cyrillic: Солтан мәчете; formerly ''Cihanşa bay Mosque'', ''The Red Mosque'', ''Ğosman Mosque'', ''The Eighth Mosque'', also spelled ''Sultan'' or ''Sultanovskaya'' via Russian Султановская мечеть) is a mosque in Kazan, Russia. History It was built in 1868 on the donation of merchant Cihanşa Ğosmanov. The mosque is built in traditions of the Tatar- Bolghar medieval architecture combined with ''national romance'' style. There is one hall with entresol. The three-storied minaret is placed over the entry. On November 11, 1931 the mosque was closed by the Soviet authorities. In 1990 the minaret was restored, in 1994 the mosque was returned to believers. Gallery File:KazanjSultanaMoskeo.jpg File:Tuqay street and Soltan mosque minaret.JPG See also *Islam in Tatarstan *Islam in Russia Islam is a major religious minority in the Russian Federation, which has the largest Islam in Europe, Muslim population in Europe. Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universität Wuppertal
The University of Wuppertal (''Universität Wuppertal'') is a German scientific institution located in Wuppertal in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The university's official name in German is ''Bergische Universität Wuppertal'' or ''BUW'', founded in 1972. Around 2014 to 2015, approximately 20,000 students were enrolled in a wide range of subjects with many interdisciplinary linkages between a total of seven faculties. Organization *Division A: humanities and cultural studies *Division B: Schumpeter School of Business and Economics *Division C: mathematics and natural sciences *Division D: architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, safety *Division E: electrical engineering, information technology, media technology *Division F: design and art *Division G: education and social sciences Campus The main building of the University of Wuppertal is located in the suburb of Elberfeld on the Grifflenberg. The university now has three campuses: * Campus Gri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universität Siegen
The University of Siegen () is a public research university located in Siegen, North Rhine-Westphalia and is part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, a society of Germany's leading research universities. The university was founded in 1972. As of 2017, 18,618 students were enrolled at the university. History Siegen's heritage as a centre for education and research dates back to the 16th century. In 1536, William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen charged Saxon educator and theologian Erasmus Sarcerius with the task of establishing a Latin school. During the period 1594 to 1599/1600 and 1606 to 1609, the Calvinism, Calvinist-Reformed Herborn Academy (Academia Nassauensis) moved from Herborn (Hesse), Herborn to Siegen, where it was accommodated in the buildings of the lower castle. "Wiesenbauschule" In 1853, Wiesenbauschule landscaping school was established, which soon gained a reputation outside of its local area. Here, landscaping and land improvements including irrigation techni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
