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K-M9
Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica. The direct descendants of Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526). Origins and distribution Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago. Geneticist Spencer Wells had argued that because haplogroup K has a geographically wide distribution, the lineage probably originated near the central part of this range in the Middle East or Central Asia, possibly in Iran or Pakistan. Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades. Confirmed exa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup K2b-P331
Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014. Basal paragroup K2b* has not been identified among living males but was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man from China. K2b1 (P397/P399) known previously as Haplogroup MS, and Haplogroup P (P-P295), also known as K2b2 are the only primary clades of K2b. The population geneticist Tatiana Karafet and other researchers (2014) point out that K2b1, its subclades and P* are virtually restricted geographically to South East Asia and Oceania. Whereas, in a striking contrast, P1 (P-M45) and its primary subclades Q and R now make up "the most frequent haplogroup in Europe, the Americas, and Central Asia and South Asia". According to Karafet et al., the estimated dates for the branching of K, K2, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The unique-event polymorphism that defines this clade is the single-nucleotide polymorphism known as ''M184''. T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare. T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, and spread from there into East Africa, South Asia, Europe, Egypt and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB) which originated in West Asia. Subclades of T-M70 appear to have been present in Europe since the Neolithic with Neolithic Farmers from Western Asia. The moderately high frequency (~18%) of T1b* chromosomes in the Lemba of southern Africa supports the hypothesis of a West Asian origin for their paternal line. Structure ;Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184). *T1 (L206) **T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662) ***T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b). The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia, peaking in populations native to the southern Pakistani province of Balochistan (28%), Northern Afghanistan (25%), and Southern India (19%). The clade also occurs in Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran. It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus, Europe and Central Asia. The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare. Phylogenetic tree There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one publishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup LT or LT-L298/P326, also known as K1 (and until 2008 as Haplogroup K2), is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Its defining Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP mutations are L298 and P326. No confirmed cases of the basal paragroup LT* have been identified among living males or human remains. Structure It is generally believed that LT (L298/P326) originated somewhere in Asia. LT is a direct descendant of Haplogroup K-M9, haplogroup K (M9). The direct descendants of LT are Haplogroup L (Y-DNA), haplogroup L (M20), also known as K1a, and Haplogroup T (Y-DNA), haplogroup T (M184), also known as K1b.International Society of Genetic Genealogy'', 2015, ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015'' (30 May 2015). ...
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Haplogroup LT
Haplogroup LT or LT-L298/P326, also known as K1 (and until 2008 as Haplogroup K2), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Its defining SNP mutations are L298 and P326. No confirmed cases of the basal paragroup LT* have been identified among living males or human remains. Structure It is generally believed that LT (L298/P326) originated somewhere in Asia. LT is a direct descendant of haplogroup K (M9). The direct descendants of LT are haplogroup L (M20), also known as K1a, and haplogroup T (M184), also known as K1b.International Society of Genetic Genealogy'', 2015, ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015'' (30 May 2015). Distribution Y-DNA haplogroup LT is an old lineage widely distributed at low concentrations. It was established a ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-Genetic recombination, recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, "one mutation in every 30 million base pairs" and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations. The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA), often referred to as Y-chromosomal Adam, is the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living humans are descended Patrilineality, patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived around 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other population bottlenecks, most Eurasian men trace their descent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations averag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup S also known as S-B254 is a human human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by the Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNPs B254 and Z33355.International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2017), ''Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015'' (24 March 2017). Until 2016, it was known as Haplogroup S1. S-M254 is the most common haplogroup among males in the New Guinea Highlands, Papua New Guinea Highlands. It is also relatively common in some parts of Oceania, Wallacea and among indigenous Australians. In a major correction to the phylogenetic tree during 2016, Haplogroup S-M230 was "demoted" from the position of basal (phylogenetics), basal clade S*, becoming S1a1b, while S-B254 was "promoted" in its place to the level of S*. It has two primary sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country#Countries, second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is List of cities in Pakistan by population, its largest city and financial centre. Pakistan is the List of countries and dependencies by area, 33rd-largest country by area. Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor. Pakistan is the site of History of Pakistan, several ancient cultures, including the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread among modern populations. Some descendant subclades have been found since pre-history in Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. Others have long been present, at lower levels, in parts of West Asia and Africa. Some authorities have also suggested, more controversially, that R-M207 has long been present among Native Americans in North America – a theory that has not yet been widely accepted. According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan." However, Karafet et al. (2014) proposed that "rapid diversification ... of K-M526", also known as K2, likely occurred in Southeast Asia (near Indonesia) and later expanded to mainland Asia, although they could not rule out that it might have arisen in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup Q or Q-M242 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It has two primary subclades: Q1/Q-L472 (also known as Q-MEH2) and Q2/Q-L275). These include numerous subclades that have been sampled and identified in males among modern populations. Q is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among Native Americans, Swati tribe and several peoples of Central Asia and Northern Siberia. Defining mutations The polymorphism M242, is a C→T transition residing in intron 1 (IVS-866) of the DBY gene and was discovered by Mark Seielstad et al. in 2003. The technical details of M242 are: :Nucleotide change: C to T :Position (base pair): 180 :Total size (base pairs): 366 :Forward 5′→ 3′: :Reverse 5′→ 3′: Other defining SNPs unique to Q-M242 include: FGC1752, F2603/M1020, L232/S432, M1115, Y2000/FGC1757, FGC6793, Y1984/FGC1753, Y1987/FGC1754/F6492, FGC7650(H), E337/L808/CTS3727/M1105, M1047(H), M1074, M1154, M1166, Y1972/FGC4603/F7839(H), Y2002/FGC1756/F6477(H), CTS7532/M1133, F30 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526). The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia. The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians. P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians, North Africans, and Central Asians. Origin and dispersal Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
