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Jiaguwen Heji
''Jiaguwen Heji'', abbreviated ''Heji'' or ''HJ'', is the standard comprehensive collection of rubbings of ancient Chinese oracle bone inscriptions. Compilation Under the last nine kings of the Shang dynasty (up to ), pieces of bone, usually plastrons of tortoises or scapula of oxen, were used in pyromantic divination and then inscribed. The used oracle bones were deposited in pits at the Shang cult centre now known as Yinxu (near modern Anyang, Hebei) and forgotten for millennia. After Wang Yirong discovered in 1899 that ancient bone fragments on sale for medicinal purposes bore an early form of Chinese characters, there was great interest in these bones. Local farmers dug up at least nine caches containing about 100,000 fragments, which were sold to collectors, both Chinese and foreign. Scientific excavation of the Yinxu site began in 1928, and about 30,000 more pieces were recovered. As a result, fragments of the bones were divided between collections across the world and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guo Moruo
Guo Moruo (November 16, 1892 – June 12, 1978), courtesy name Dingtang, was a Chinese author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official. Biography Family history Guo Moruo, originally named Guo Kaizhen, was born on November 10 or 16, in the small town of Shawan District, Shawan, located on the Dadu River some southwest from what was then called the city of Jiading (Lu) (Chia-ting (Lu), ), and now is the central urban area of the prefecture level city of Leshan in Sichuan Province. At the time of Guo's birth, Shawan was a town of some 180 families.David Tod Roy, "Kuo Mo-jo: The Early Years". Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1971. No ISBN. Guo's father's ancestors were Hakka people, Hakkas from Ninghua County in Tingzhou Prefecture, near the western border of Fujian. They moved to Sichuan in the second half of the 17th century, after Sichuan had lost much of its population to the rebels/bandits of Zhang Xianzhong ( 1605–1647). According to fami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mao Zedong Thought
Maoism, officially Mao Zedong Thought, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed while trying to realize a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China. A difference between Maoism and traditional Marxism–Leninism is that a united front of progressive forces in class society would lead the revolutionary vanguard in pre-industrial societies rather than communist revolutionaries alone. This theory, in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary, represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. Later theoreticians expanded on the idea that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions, arguing that he had in fact updated it fundamentally and that Maoism could be applied universally throughout the world. This ideology is often referred to as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to distinguish it from the original ideas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A New Manual
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is '' a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey and single-storey . The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English, '' a'' is the indefinite article, with the alternative form ''an''. Name In English, the name of the letter is the ''long A'' sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables. History The earliest known ancestor of A is ''aleph''—the first letter of the Phoenician ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Zhou Of Shang
King Zhou (; ) was the pejorative posthumous name given to Di Xin of Shang () or Shou, King of Shang (), the last king of the Shang dynasty of ancient China. He is also called Zhou Xin (). In Chinese, his name Zhòu ( 紂) also refers to a horse crupper, the part of a saddle or harness that is most likely to be soiled by the horse. It is not to be confused with the name of the succeeding dynasty, which has a different character and pronunciation (). In later times, the story of King Zhou became a cautionary tale on what could befall a kingdom if its ruler gave into corruption and moral depravity. Names Di Xin is the official title given by the Shang dynasty imperial house. Di Xin was born with the family name Zi, lineage name Yin, and the given name Shou. He was called Shou, King of Shang by the kingdom of Zhou when he was alive. After his death, he was given a derogatory posthumous name, King Zhou of Shang () by the succeeding Zhou dynasty, with Zhou () meaning "horse cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Di Yi
Di Yi (), personal name Zi Xian (), was a king of the Shang dynasty from 1101 BC to 1076 BC. His capital was at Yin. Records According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', in the third year of his reign, he ordered Nanzhong(南仲) to fight Kun Barbarians and built Shuofang (, roughly modern Ordos in Inner Mongolia) in the middle of Kun territory after winning a battle. He also fought the ''Renfang'' according to oracle bone records (see the Dongyi), The king was the older brother of Jizi and Bigan. Sons * Weiziqi (), Di Yi's eldest son. After the Shang succumbed to the Zhou dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ) was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from until 256 BC, the longest span of any dynasty in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period (771 BC), the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military ..., he was awarded the state of Song. * Weizhong (), Di Yi's second son, the second ruler of Song. * King Zhou of Shang, Di Yi's youngest son, the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wen Wu Ding
Wen Wu Ding () or Wen Ding () or Tai Ding (太丁), personal name Zi Tuo (), was a king of the Shang dynasty of Ancient China. His reign was from 1116 to 1106 BC according to the Cambridge History, or 1112 to 1102/1 BC according to the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project. Records According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', his capital was moved from Mou(沬) to Yin (殷). In the second year of his reign, his vassal Jili(季歷) of Zhou attacked the Yanjing Rong (), but they defeated him.Sima Qian, ''Records of the Grand Historian'' During his third year, the Huan River The Huan River (), or Anyang River (), is a river in Henan, China, and part of the Hai River basin. The river rises north of Linzhou, Henan, Linzhou in northwestern Henan, and joins the Wei River (Shandong), Wei River near Neihuang County, Neihu ... () dried up. In his fourth year, Jili attacked the Yuwu Rong () and was victorious, making Yuwu into a Zhou client. In his seventh year, Jili attacked the Shihu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu Yi Of Shang
Wu Yi (), personal name Zi Qu (子瞿) was List of Chinese monarchs, king of the Shang dynasty of ancient China from 1147 to 1112 BC. According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', his capital was at Yinxu, Yin. He was a son of his predecessor Geng Ding and father of King Wen Ding. In the 21st year of his reign, the Zhou dynasty, Zhou leader Koufu (口父) died. Records According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', in the 24th year of the regime of Wu Yi, Zhou attacked Cheng (程) at Bi (毕) and defeated Bi. According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', in the 30th year, Zhou attacked Yiqu (义渠) and captured the king of Yiqu. According to Sima Qian, the King of Yiqu had two sons by different mothers; after the king died, they fought each other for the throne only to have Zhou defeat them both and absorb the territory of Yiqu. In the 34th year of Wǔ Yǐ's reign, King Ji of Zhou came to the capital to worship and was rewarded with 30 pieces of jade and 10 horses. In the 35th year of Wǔ Yǐ's reign, Ji a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geng Ding
Kang Ding (康丁) or Geng Ding (庚丁) was a king of the Shang dynasty of China His given name is Xiao (嚣). He got his throne in the year of Jiawu (甲午) and his capital was at Yin (殷). Regin disputes Different sources suggest different lengths of reign for the king. Bamboo Annals suggest a 8-year reign. ZizhiTongjianwaiji(A supplement to the Zizhi Tongjian The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (1084) is a chronicle published during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) that provides a record of Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is ...) and Tongzhi suggest a 6-year reign., The DiwangbenJi (帝王本紀) quoted in Tongzhi suggests a 11-year reign. References Kings of the Shang dynasty 12th-century BC Chinese monarchs {{China-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lin Xin
Lin Xin (廩辛) was king of the Shang dynasty of China. His name by ''Bamboo Annals'' is Feng Xin (冯辛), another book The Historic People of Han Book (汉书, 古今人表) also called him Feng Xin. He got his throne in the year of Gengyan (庚寅). His capital was at Yin (殷). According to Bamboo Annals, he ruled 4 years, but the Records of the Grand Historian The ''Shiji'', also known as ''Records of the Grand Historian'' or ''The Grand Scribe's Records'', is a Chinese historical text that is the first of the Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written during the late 2nd and early 1st ce ... says 6 years. Kings of the Shang dynasty 12th-century BC Chinese monarchs {{China-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zu Jia
Zu Jia (祖甲) (died in the middle of the 12th century BC) or Di Jia (帝甲), personal name Zǐ Zǎi (子載), was a Shang dynasty King of China. He was the third recorded son of Wu Ding, the first Chinese monarch verified by contemporary records. Having inherited a large realm built up by his father and brother, he led the Shang kingdom through its last brief period of stability. After his reign, Shang went into irreversible decline. Zu Jia reigned during the first half of the 12th century BC, from the city of Yin, the ancient historical capital of the Shang. He is known to have started religious and succession reforms to solve previously concerning problems. His period marked the rise of Predynastic Zhou, which began to develop more complex relations with the Shang court after Wu Ding's death. Early life Little is known about Zu Jia's early life. He was a royal member of the Shang dynasty, which had been ruling the Yellow River valley since the 16th century BC. He was one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zu Geng Of Shang
Zu Geng (祖庚), personal name Zi Yue, was king of the Shang dynasty of China. His capital was at Yin (殷). Zu Geng is thought to have been the commissioner and dedicator of the Houmuwu ding, which he had cast in memory of his mother, Fu Jing. He ruled for seven years from 1191, after the death of his father Wu Ding, and was succeeded by his brother Zu Jia Zu Jia (祖甲) (died in the middle of the 12th century BC) or Di Jia (帝甲), personal name Zǐ Zǎi (子載), was a Shang dynasty King of China. He was the third recorded son of Wu Ding, the first Chinese monarch verified by contemporary recor .... References Kings of the Shang dynasty 12th-century BC Chinese monarchs {{China-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu Ding
Wu Ding (; died ); personal name (), was a king of the Chinese Shang dynasty who ruled the central Yellow River valley. He is the earliest figure in Chinese history mentioned in contemporary records. The annals of the Shang dynasty compiled by later historians were once thought to be little more than legends until oracle script inscriptions on bones dating from his reign were unearthed at the ruins of his capital Yin (near modern Anyang) in 1899. Oracle bone inscriptions from his reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BC ±10 years, closely according with regnal dates derived by modern scholars from received texts, epigraphic evidence, and astronomical calculations. Wu Ding's reign is characterized by a prosperous period of the late Shang state, with a wide network of allies and subordinates. The first inscriptions unequivocally recognized as Chinese appeared during his reign, together with new technological innovations. More than half of Shang inscriptions date to his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
