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Jayanta Bhatta
Jayanta Bhatta ( CE – CE) was a poet, teacher, logician, and an advisor to King Sankaravarman of Kashmir. He was a philosopher of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy. He authored three works on Nyaya, Nyāya philosophy: one of which is not known, an allegorical drama, and a commentary on Pāṇini, Pāṇinian grammar. Early life Jayanta was born into a wealthy Gaur Brahmins, Gaur Brahmin family. He was a child prodigy, composing a commentary to Pāṇini, Panini’s ''Ashtadhyayi'' and earned the name Nava-Vrittikara, or new commentator. Later in life, he mastered various ''shastra'' and ''Agama (Hinduism), agama'', distinguished himself in scholarly debates, and passed his knowledge on to his students. Jayanta's birth year, lifespan, dates of his written works are a subject of scholarly debates. His philosophical work ''Nyāyamañjarī'' as well as his drama ''Āgamaḍambara'', refer to King Sankaravarman (883 – 902 CE) as a contemporary. ''Kādambarikathāsāra'', a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Hypernymy and hyponymy, umbrella term for a range of Indian religions, Indian List of religions and spiritual traditions#Indian religions, religious and spiritual traditions (Sampradaya, ''sampradaya''s) that are unified by adherence to the concept of ''dharma'', a Ṛta, cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living, as expounded in the Vedas. The word ''Hindu'' is an exonym, and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, it has also been described by the modern term ''Sanātana Dharma'' () emphasizing its eternal nature. ''Vaidika Dharma'' () and ''Arya dharma'' are historical endonyms for Hinduism. Hinduism entails diverse systems of thought, marked by a range of shared Glossary of Hinduism terms, concepts that discuss God in Hinduism, theology, Hindu mythology, mythology, among other topics in Hindu texts, textual sources. Hindu texts have been classified into Śruti () and Smṛti (). The major Hin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rajouri
Rajouri or Rajauri (; ; ) is a city in the Rajouri district in the Jammu division of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir. It is located about from Srinagar and from Jammu (city), Jammu city on the Poonch (town), Poonch Highway. History The first ruler of this Kingdom was Raja Prithvi Pal from the Jaral Rajput clan ruled Rajouri from 1033 to 1192, Prithvi Pal defended Pir Panjal Pass, Pir Panchal Pass at the time of incursion of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE. The old name of Rajouri was "Rajapuri" as mentioned in Rajtarangni of Kalhana Pandita written in 1148 CE. During the Mughal Empire, Mughal rule, the Jarral Rajput rulers or Raja agreed to a treaty with the Mughal Empire and thus were given the title 'Mirza (noble), Mirza'. In 1810 and 1812, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attempted to conquer Bhimber, Kotli, and Rajouri. However, Rajouri successfully resisted these invasions. In 1813, Gulab Singh of Jammu captured Rajouri for the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Īrṣyā
Īrṣyā (Sanskrit; Pali: ''issā''; Tibetan: ''phrag dog'') is a Sanskrit or Buddhist term that is translated as "jealousy" or "envy". It is defined as a state of mind in which one is highly agitated to obtain wealth and honor for oneself, but unable to bear the excellence of others.Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 890-891.Kunsang (2004), p. 26. ''Irshya'' is identified as: * One of the Mental factors (Buddhism)#Mental_factors_(Buddhism)#Fourteen_unwholesome_mental_factors, fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings *Belonging to the category of ''Dvesha (Buddhism), dosa'' within the Theravada tradition * One of the Fetter (Buddhism), ten fetters in the Theravada tradition (according to the Dhammasangani) * One of the Mental factors (Buddhism)#Twenty secondary unwholesome factors, twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings *One of the Kleshas (Buddhism)#Five_poisons, five poisons within the Mahayana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kama
''Kama'' (Sanskrit: काम, ) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It can also refer to "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh literature.Monier Williamsकाम, kāma Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, pp 271, see 3rd column However, the term is also used in a technical sense to refer to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction or aesthetic pleasure experienced in connection with the arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture, and nature. In contemporary literature ''kama'' is often used to connote sexual desire and emotional longing,James Lochtefeld (2002), ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York, , page 340. but the ancient concept is more expansive, and broadly refers to any desire, wish, passion, pleasure, or enjoyment of art and beauty, the aesthetic, enjoyment of life, affection, love and connection, and enjoyment of love with or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pramāda
Pramāda (Sanskrit; Pāli: pamada; Tibetan phonetic: ''bakmepa'') is a Buddhist term that is translated as "heedlessness", "carelessness", etc. In the Mahayana tradition, ''pramāda'' is defined to not apply oneself earnestly and carefully to adopting a wholesome attitude and abandoning unwholesome actions.Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 971-973.Kunsang (2004), p. 28. Pramāda is identified as: * One of the twenty secondary unwholesome factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings Definitions Mipham Rinpoche states: :Heedlessness (pramāda) is to not apply oneself earnestly and carefully to adopting virtue and abandoning evil deeds, and is due to the three poisons along with laziness ( kausīdya). It is the opponent of conscientiousness ( apramāda), and its function is to increase non-virtue and to diminish virtue. The Abhidharma-samuccaya states: :What is unconcern (pramāda)? It is to persevere in passion-lust (raga), aversion-hatred (dvesha), and bewilderment-erring ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dvesha
__NOTOC__ Dvesha (Sanskrit: द्वेष, IAST: ''dveṣa''; ; Tibetan: ''zhe sdang'') is a Buddhist and Hindu term that is translated as "hate, aversion".;; Quote: The attainment of freedom from the three poisons of lust (raga), hatred (dvesa) and confusion (moha) by a person who is understood as being in the process of becoming conditioned by various factors (not merely by the three poisons).... In Hinduism, it is one of the Five Poisons or kleshas. Walpola Rahula renders it as "hatred", as does Chogyam Trungpa. In Buddhism In Buddhism, ''Dvesha'' (hate, aversion) is the opposite of ''raga'' (lust, desire). Along with ''Raga'' and '' Moha'', ''Dvesha'' is one of the three character afflictions that, in part, cause '' Dukkha''. It is also one of the "threefold fires" in Buddhist Pali canon that must be quenched. Dvesha is symbolically present as the snake in the center of Tibetan bhavachakra drawings. Dvesha (Pali: dosa) is identified in the following contexts within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raga (Sanskrit Term)
''Raga'' (Sanskrit: राग, IAST: ; Pali ; Tibetan: ) is a Buddhist and Hindu concept of character affliction or poison referring to any form of "greed, sensuality, lust, desire" or "attachment to a sensory object". Raga is represented in the Buddhist artwork (Sanskrit: '' bhāvacakra'') as the bird or rooster. In Hinduism, it is one of the five Kleshas or poisons that afflict the soul. In Buddhism, Raga is identified in the following contexts:Guenther (1975), Kindle Locations 715-718. * One of the three poisons within the Mahayana Buddhist tradition * One of the ''three unwholesome roots'', called ''lobha'', within the Theravada Buddhist tradition * One of the six root kleshas within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings * One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors, called ''lobha'', within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings Definitions literally means 'color or hue' in Sanskrit. In Buddhist texts as a form of blemish, personal impurity or fundamental character afflictio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohā
Mohā (), a Sanskrit word often rendered as “delusion," refers to the Hindu and Buddhist concept of ignorance that prevents the understanding of Truth. Bhagavad Gita, Verse 2.52, explains this delusion (moha) as infatuation or attachment to maya. In Ayurvedic classics, hallucinations and delusions are referred to as false perceptions (mithyājñāna), illusions (maya), infatuations (moha), or confusion ( bhrama). In Yoga philosophy and Hatha Yoga Pradipika, ''moha'' is described as a delusion that clouds the mind.Moha Definition - What does Moha mean?, www.yogapedia.com It has been cited as one of the causes of perjury.Moha, Mohā: 50 definitions In Hinduism, www.wisdomlib.org It is one of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anviksiki
Ānvīkṣikī is a term in Sanskrit denoting roughly the "science of inquiry" and it should have been recognized in India as a distinct branch of learning as early as 650 BCE. However, over the centuries its meaning and importance have undergone considerable variations. In the earliest period, the term was used to denote Atma-vidya, the science of the soul, in contrast to Adhyatma-vidya, the spiritual science, or Brahma-vidya, the divine science. In Manu Smriti the term Ānvīkṣikī has been used as equivalent to Atma-vidya and it has been described as a branch of the Vedas. In the fourth century BCE, Kautilya in his Arthashastra recognised it as a distinct branch of learning different from Vedas and other disciplines. Kautilya classifies all disciplines into four categories: scripture (the three Vedas, ''trayi''), agriculture and commerce (''varta''), politics and public administration (''danda-niti''), and ''Ānvīkṣikī'', the investigative reflective science. The distincti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vedas
FIle:Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png, upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''. The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest Hindu texts, scriptures of Hinduism. There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda. Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Brahmanas (commentaries on and explanation of rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices – Yajñas), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).Gavin Flood (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press, , pp. 35–39A Bhattacharya (2006), ''Hindu Dharma: Introduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyāya Sūtras
The ''Nyāya Sūtras'' is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by , and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy. The date when the text was composed, and the biography of its author is unknown, but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE.Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, , page 129 The text may have been composed by more than one author, over a period of time. The text consists of five books, with two chapters in each book, with a cumulative total of 528 aphoristic sutras, about rules of reason, logic, epistemology and metaphysics.Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, , pages 127–136 The Nyāya Sūtras is a Hindu text, notable for focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals. The first book is structured as a general introduction and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
