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Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase Family
Isopropylmalic acid (isopropylmalate) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of leucine, synthesized from oxoisovalerate by 2-isopropylmalate synthase and converted into isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate by 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase 3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that is a part of the isopropylmalate dehydrogenase family, which catalyzes the chemical reactions: : (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CO2 + NADH .... Two isomers are important, the 2- and 3-isopropyl derivatives, and these are interconverted by isopropylmalate dehydratase. References {{Pharmacy-stub Dicarboxylic acids Alpha hydroxy acids Isopropyl compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-Catalysis, catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrate (chemistry), substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex Product (chemistry), products. Examples of biosynthetic pathways include those for the production of amino acids, lipid membrane components, and nucleotides, but also for the production of all classes of biological macromolecules, and of acetyl-coenzyme A, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and other key intermediate and transactional molecules needed for metabolism. Thus, in biosynthesis, any of an array of Chemical compound, compounds, from simple to complex, are converted into other compounds, and so it includes both the catabolism and anabolism (building up and breaking down) of comple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-Carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain Isobutyl, isobutyl group, making it a Chemical polarity, non-polar Aliphatic compound, aliphatic amino acid. It is Essential amino acid, essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is genetic code, encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek language, Greek word for "white": ''λευκός'' (''leukós'', "white"), after its common appearance as a white powder, a property it shares with many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-isopropylmalate Synthase
In enzymology, a 2-isopropylmalate synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :acetyl-CoA + 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H2O \rightleftharpoons (2S)-2-isopropylmalate + CoA The three substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate, and H2O, and its products are (2S)-2-isopropylmalate and CoA. The enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ''acetyl-CoA:3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)''. Other names in common use include ''3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate-lyase'', ''(CoA-acetylating)'', ''alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase'', ''alpha-isopropylmalate synthase'', ''alpha-isopropylmalic synthetase'', ''isopropylmalate synthase'', and ''isopropylmalate synthetase''. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of L-leucine and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase
3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that is a part of the isopropylmalate dehydrogenase family, which catalyzes the chemical reactions: : (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CO2 + NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an ade ... :(2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate + NAD+ \rightleftharpoons (2S)-2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate + H+ + NADH :(2S)-2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate + H+ \rightleftharpoons 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + CO2 References EC 1.1.1 NADPH-dependent enzymes Enzymes of known structure {{1.1.1-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-Isopropylmalate Dehydratase
3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase () is an aconitase homologue, which catalyses the isomerisation of isopropylmalate, 2-isopropylmalate to 3-isopropylmalate, via Dehydration reaction, dehydration, in the biosynthesis of leucine. References External links * Lyases {{enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dicarboxylic Acids
In organic chemistry, a dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (). The general molecular formula for dicarboxylic acids can be written as , where R can be aliphatic or Aromatic compound, aromatic.Boy Cornils, Peter Lappe "Dicarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2014, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to carboxylic acid, monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids are usually colorless solids. A wide variety of dicarboxylic acids are used in industry. Adipic acid, for example, is a precursor to certain kinds of nylon. A wide variety of dicarboxylic acids are found in nature. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid are two amino acids found in all life. Succinic and fumaric acids are essential for metabolism. A large inventory of derivatives are known including many mono- and diesters, amides, etc. Partial list of saturated dicarboxylic acids Some common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located ''one'' carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids, where the functional groups are separated by ''two'' carbon atoms. Notable AHAs include glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, and citric acid. α-Hydroxy acids are Strong acids, stronger acids compared to their non-alpha hydroxy counterparts, a property enhanced by internal hydrogen bonding. AHAs serve a dual purpose: industrially, they are utilized as additives in animal feed and as precursors for polymer synthesis. In cosmetics, they are commonly used for their ability to chemically exfoliate the skin. Occurrence Aldonic acids, a type of sugar acid, are a class of naturally occurring hydroxycarboxylic acids. They have the general chemical formula, HO2C(CHOH)''n''CH2OH. Gluconic acid, a particularly common aldonic acid, the oxidi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
