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Ishtup-Ilum
Ishtup-Ilum, also Ishtup-El (, ''Ish-dub-ilum'', c. 2147–2136 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as '' Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. He was probably contemporary with the Second Dynasty of Lagash, around the time of Gudea. He was the son of Ishma-Dagan and brother of Nûr-Mêr, both Shakkanakkus of Mari before him, and, according to the dynastic lists, he ruled after them for a period of 11 years. He is known from inscriptions mentioning the building of a temple, as well as from a monumental statue, discovered in Mari. Statue of Ishtup-Ilum His statue was discovered by the team of André Parrot on 14 March 1936, Syria. It has a rather simple and coarse design, a provincial characteristic during this period, and is significantly less sophisticated than the statues of his successors, such as Puzur-Ishtar. The statue is now in the Aleppo National Museum, Syria. File:Ishtup-Ilum excavation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishtup-Ilum Shakkanakku Of Mari, Son Of Ishma-Dagan, Shakkanakku Of Mari
Ishtup-Ilum, also Ishtup-El (, ''Ish-dub-ilum'', c. 2147–2136 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as ''Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. He was probably contemporary with the Second Dynasty of Lagash, around the time of Gudea. He was the son of Ishma-Dagan and brother of Nûr-Mêr, both Shakkanakkus of Mari before him, and, according to the dynastic lists, he ruled after them for a period of 11 years. He is known from inscriptions mentioning the building of a temple, as well as from a monumental statue, discovered in Mari. Statue of Ishtup-Ilum His statue was discovered by the team of André Parrot on 14 March 1936, Syria. It has a rather simple and coarse design, a provincial characteristic during this period, and is significantly less sophisticated than the statues of his successors, such as Puzur-Ishtar. The statue is now in the Aleppo National Museum, Syria. File:Ishtup-Ilum excavation in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishma-Dagan
Ishma-Dagan (, ''Ish-ma- Dda-gan'', c. 2190-2146 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as Shakkanakku in northern Mesopotamia, in the later period of the Akkadian Empire. According to the dynastic lists, he ruled for 45 years, after Shu-Dagan, and was the third Shakkanakku ruler. Ishma-Dagan was probably contemporary with the Akkadian Empire ruler Shar-Kali-Sharri. He had two sons who succeeded him in turn as Shakkanakkus of Mari: Nûr-Mêr and Ishtup-Ilum. He is also known from inscriptions by his son Ishtup-Ilum mentioning his father, in dedication tablets for the building of a temple: File:Ishma-Dagan, Shakkanakku.jpg, "Ishma-Dagan, Shakkanakku" on the tablet of his son Ishtup-Ilum. The character at the top right corner is ''dumu'', "son of..." File:Tablet of Ishtup-Ilum Shakkanakku of Mari, son of Ishma-Dagan, Shakkanakku of Mari.jpg, Another tablet of Ishtup-Ilum. Obverse: "Ishtup-Ilum Shakkanakku of Mari, son of Ishma-Dagan, S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shakkanakku
Shakkanakku (Sumerian: , GIR.NITA or ''šagina'', , ''Shakkanakku''), was an Akkadian language title designating a military governor. Mari was ruled by a dynasty of hereditary Shakkanakkus which was originally set by the Akkadian Empire and gained independence following Akkad's collapse. It is considered that the Shakkanakka gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-Kin. A critical analysis of the Shakkanakku List of Mari has been published. The title is also known around the same time in Elam, where several "Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" with typically Akkadian names ruled for the Akkadian kings.Translation into French in The title also existed in Qatna in the 14th century BC, and Dilmun under the Kassites. Shakkanakkus under the Akkadians Shakkanakkus, or ''Shagina'' military governors are known from the time of the Akkadian Empire. For example, Shar-kali-sharri had a military governor in Nippur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mari, Syria
Mari (Cuneiform: , ''ma-riki'', modern Tell Hariri; ar, تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria. Its remains form a tell 11 kilometers north-west of Abu Kamal on the Euphrates River western bank, some 120 kilometers southeast of Deir ez-Zor. It flourished as a trade center and hegemonic state between 2900 BC and 1759 BC. The city was purposely built in the middle of the Euphrates trade routes between Sumer in the south and the Eblaite kingdom and the Levant in the west. Mari was first abandoned in the middle of the 26th century BC but was rebuilt and became the capital of a hegemonic East Semitic state before 2500 BC. This second Mari engaged in a long war with its rival Ebla and is known for its strong affinity with Sumerian culture. It was destroyed in the 23rd century BC by the Akkadians, who allowed the city to be rebuilt and appointed a military governor ('' Shakkanakku''). The governors became independent with the di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishgum-Addu
Ishgum-Addu or Ishgum-Addad ( ''iš-gum DIŠKUR''), or more probably Ishkun-Dagan ( ''iš-kun Dda-gan''), was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, for eight years c. 2135-2127 BCE, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire . He had a son named Apil-kin, according to the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty List'', who ruled after him. Ishgum-Addu appears in the ''Shakkanakku Dynasty Lists'' after Ishtup-Ilum Ishtup-Ilum, also Ishtup-El (, ''Ish-dub-ilum'', c. 2147–2136 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as '' Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. He was probably contempo .... Besides his mention on the Shakkanakku List, no inscriptions are known of him. References {{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia 22nd-century BC rulers Kings of Mari 22nd-century BC people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nûr-Mêr
Nûr-Mêr, also Niwâr-Mêr ( ''ni-wa-ar-me-er'', c. 2153-2148 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as '' Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, in the later period of the Akkadian Empire. According to the dynastic lists, he ruled for 5 years, after his father Ishma-Dagan, and was the fourth Shakkanakku ruler. Nûr-Mêr was probably contemporary with the Akkadian Empire ruler Naram-Sin or Shar-Kali-Sharri. He was succeeded by his brother Ishtup-Ilum Ishtup-Ilum, also Ishtup-El (, ''Ish-dub-ilum'', c. 2147–2136 BCE) was a ruler of the city of Mari, one of the military governors known as '' Shakkanakku'' in northern Mesopotamia, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire. He was probably contempo ... as Shakkanakkus of Mari. He is also known from four identical inscriptions on bronze votive tablets: The goddess in mention might had been the Syrian Shalash, the wife of Dagan, rather than Mesopotamian Ninhursag, as her name was commonly writ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Parrot
André Charles Ulrich Parrot (15 February 1901 – 24 August 1980) was a French archaeologist specializing in the ancient Near East. He led excavations in Lebanon, Iraq and Syria, and is best known for his work at Mari, Syria, where he led important excavations from 1933 to 1975. Biography Parrot was born in 1901 in Désandans in the French department of Doubs. He was appointed chief curator of the National Museums in 1946, and became director of the Louvre from 1958 to 1962. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. He married his second wife Marie-Louise Girod Marie-Louise Henriette Girod-Parrot (12 October 1915 – 29 August 2014) was a French organist and composer. She studied organ with Henriette Puig-Roget and Marcel Dupré at the Paris Conservatory.The American Organist 1994 -- Volume 28, Issues 7 ... in 1960, and died in Paris in 1980. One of his students at the École du Louvre was Denise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lion Of Mari
The Lion of Mari is a copper statue of a lion found in 1936 by André Parrot at the "Temple of Lions" in Mari, Syria. The statue is damaged, having been crushed during the destruction of the site, and only the anterior part of the body remains. It is currently on display in the Near Eastern Antiquities Department of the Louvre. The "Temple of Lions" where the two lion statues were found is known to have been built by the Shakkanakku governor of Mari named Ishtup-Ilum circa 2150 BCE. The Lion of Mari was probably produced to serve as Protome in the early Second Millennium BCE, at a time when the temple was being rebuilt, presumably during the reign of Zimrī-Lim (reigned c. 1775–1761 BCE.). It was excavated in 1936 by the Parrot expedition at the Temple of Dagon in Mari (now Tell Hariri, Syria) and is now on display at the Louvre; its twin figure is on display at the National Museum of Aleppo. File:Aleppo lion.jpg, The other lion, in the Aleppo National Museum The National M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gudea
Gudea (Sumerian: , ''Gu3-de2-a'') was a ruler ('' ensi'') of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia, who ruled circa 2080–2060 BC (short chronology) or 2144-2124 BC (middle chronology). He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Ur-Baba (2164–2144 BC) of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash. He was succeeded by his son Ur-Ningirsu. Gudea ruled at a time when the center of Sumer was ruled by the Gutian dynasty, and when Ishtup-Ilum ruled to the north in Mari. Under Gudea, Lagash had a golden age, and seemed to enjoy a high level of independence from the Gutians. Inscriptions Gudea chose the title of ''énsi'' (town-king or governor), not the more exalted ''lugal'' (Akkadian ''šarrum''). Gudea did not style himself "god of Lagash" as he was not deified during his own lifetime, this title must have been given to him posthumously as in accordance with Mesopotamian traditions for all rulers except Naram- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enlil
Enlil, , "Lord f theWind" later known as Elil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Hurrians. Enlil's primary center of worship was the Ekur temple in the city of Nippur, which was believed to have been built by Enlil himself and was regarded as the "mooring-rope" of heaven and earth. He is also sometimes referred to in Sumerian texts as Nunamnir. According to one Sumerian hymn, Enlil himself was so holy that not even the other gods could look upon him. Enlil rose to prominence during the twenty-fourth century BC with the rise of Nippur. His cult fell into decline after Nippur was sacked by the Elamites in 1230 BC and he was eventually supplanted as the chief god of the Mesopotamian pantheon by the Babylonian national god Marduk. Enlil plays a vital role in the Sumerian creation myth; he separ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louvre Museum
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement (district or ward). At any given point in time, approximately 38,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st century are being exhibited over an area of 72,735 square meters (782,910 square feet). Attendance in 2021 was 2.8 million due to the COVID-19 pandemic, up five percent from 2020, but far below pre-COVID attendance. Nonetheless, the Louvre still topped the list of most-visited art museums in the world in 2021."The Art Newspaper", 30 March 2021. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built in the late 12th to 13th century under Philip II. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre fortress are visible in the basemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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