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Ingush Societies
Ingush societies or shahars () were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush people, Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic group. The formation and functioning of most of them dates back to the late Middle Ages (16th – 19th centuries). During this period, their boundaries, number and names changed. The names of societies mainly came from the names of the area of their localization, that is, they were based on the geographical principle. Despite the fact that during this period the Ingush lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language. Ingush societies in the literature are sometimes called ''shahars'' () The term "shahar" meant in the ancien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingush People
Ingush (, pronounced ), historically known as ''Durdzuks'', ''Gligvi'' and ''Kists (ethnonym), Kists'', are a Northeast Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Republic of Ingushetia in central Caucasus, but also inhabitanting Prigorodny District, North Ossetia–Alania, Prigorodny District and town of Vladikavkaz of modern-day North-Ossetia. The Ingush are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak the Ingush language. Ethnonym Ingush The ethnonym of the "Ingush" came from the name of the medieval Ghalghai village (''aul'') of Angusht, which by the end of the 17th century was a large village in the Tarskoye, Tarskoye Valley. The toponym "Angusht" itself is a composition of three words: "an" (''sky'' or ''horizon''), "gush" (''visible'') and the suffix of place "tĕ" (indication of position or location), literally translating as a "place where the horizon is seen". Ghalghai The endonym of Ingush people is ''Ghalghai'' (, ), which most often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fyappiy
The Feappii () were an Ingush people, Ingush subgroup (''Ingush societies, society'') that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically, they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and in the south with Gudomakarians. The center of the society was the fortified village (''aul'') of Erzi (village), Erzi or Metskhal. During the 16th and 17th centuries, part of the Feappii migrated to Tusheti, Georgia (country), Georgia, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17th and 18th centuries, another wave of migration occurred, to the region of Aukh (modern-day Dagestan). In 1733, due to concerns about the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turks in the region, the Feappii, together with the Dzherakh, Dzherakhs and Khamkhins, established ties with the Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire began expanding its territories in the Caucasus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow
Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits, over 19.1 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in Moscow metropolitan area, its metropolitan area. The city covers an area of , while the urban area covers , and the metropolitan area covers over . Moscow is among the world's List of largest cities, largest cities, being the List of European cities by population within city limits, most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest List of urban areas in Europe, urban and List of metropolitan areas in Europe, metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. First documented in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the Grand Principality of Moscow, which led the unification of the Russian lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nauka (publisher)
Nauka () is a Russian publisher of academic books and journals. Established in the USSR in 1923, it was called the USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House until 1963. Until 1934 the publisher was based in Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, then moved to Moscow. Its logo depicts an open book with Sputnik 1 above it. Nauka was the largest scientific publishing house in the USSR, as well as in the world at one time (in 1982). It was also notable for being the publisher of the USSR Academy of Sciences and its branches. In 1972 Nauka published 135 scientific journals, including 31 physical and mathematical, 24 chemical, 29 biological and five popular science journals: ''Priroda'' (Nature), ''Zemlya i Vselennaya'' (Earth and the Universe), ''Khimia i zhizn'' (Chemistry and Life), ''Kvant (magazine), Kvant'' (Quantum), and ''Russkaya rech'' (Russian speech). The greater part of Nauka's production were monographs. It also published thematic collected works, reference books, textbooks and fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021, with more than 6.4 million people living in the Saint Petersburg metropolitan area, metropolitan area. Saint Petersburg is the List of European cities by population within city limits, fourth-most populous city in Europe, the List of cities and towns around the Baltic Sea, most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's List of northernmost items#Cities and settlements, northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As the former capital of the Russian Empire, and a Ports of the Baltic Sea, historically strategic port, it is governed as a Federal cities of Russia, federal city. The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703 on the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hakluyt Society
The Hakluyt Society is a text publication society, founded in 1846 and based in London, England, which publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. In addition to its publishing role, the Society organises and participates in meetings, symposia and conferences relating to the history of geographical exploration and cultural encounter. It is a registered charity and a non-profitmaking institution administered by a voluntary team of council members and officers. Membership is open to all with an interest in its aims. The Society is named after Richard Hakluyt (1552–1616), a collector and editor of narratives of voyages and travels and other documents relating to English interests overseas. The Society's logo, which appears on the cover of all volumes, is a vignette of Ferdinand Magellan's ship, the '' Victoria''. Foundation The Society was created at a meeting convened in the London Library, St James's Squa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orstkhoy
The Orstkhoy, historically commonly known under their exonyms: ''Karabulaks'', ''Balsu'', ''Baloy'', are a historical ethnoterritorial society among the Chechens, Chechen and Ingush people, Ingush peoples. Their homeland is in the upper reaches of the Assa (river), Assa and Fortanga rivers in the historical region of Orstkhoy-Mokhk (the Sernovodsky District and the border part of the Achkhoy-Martanovsky District of the Chechenya, Chechen Republic, Russia, as well as most of the Sunzhensky District of Ingushetia). In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical Tukkhum, Chechen tukkhums, in the Ingush tradition as one of the seven historical Ingush societies, Ingush shahars. Name The name Orstkhoy in their native language (Chechen language, Chechen or Ingush language, Ingush) is "Орстхой", written as "Orstxoj" in the old Latin writing system. Different theories exist around the origin of the word: * 1. The theory of it coming f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazranians
The Nazranians () were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial subethnic group (''society'') which inhabited modern day Nazranovsky District and Prigorodny District. History Early History The Nazranian society in the second half of the 18th century from mountain Ingush that settled in the lowlands between Assa and Fortanga rivers. Caucasian War Nazranians were considered by the Russian administration to be ''conquered'' and under their rule, this however, didn't stop Nazranians from sometimes participating on the side of Caucasian Imamate and rebelling. There's various reports of Nazranians being on the side of Imamate, for example Nazranians participated in the general uprising of Chechnya in March 1840 and the uprising of Sunzha and Nadterechny Chechens, Galgaï and Karabulaks in July 1840. In 1858 Nazranians made a large rebellion, known as the Nazran uprising. During the rebellion, the Nazranians sent letter to Imam Shamil in which they asked him for help, but Shami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galashians
Galashians (), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, which formed in the middle of the 18th century. The name comes from the village of Galashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river Assa and the basin of the river Fortanga. History Formation of the Society The Galashian society formed in the second half of 18th century from the mountain Ingush that settled in lowlands between Assa and Fortanga rivers. The Orstkhoy and Ghalghai ( Tsorin and Khamkhin) societies played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society. The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked as ''Galachi'' at the confluence of the Assa river into the Sunzha river. Caucasian War During the Caucasian War, the Galashians bitterly resisted the Russian expansion in the region and were commonly referred as "un-ruly" or "half-conquered" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsorins
Tsorins, Tsori (), also Ghalghaï (), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society that was located in mountainous Ingushetia in the region of river Guloykhi. The center of the society was Tsori from which it got its name. Tsorin society, like the Khamkhin society, was formed from the former "Galgai society" as a result of the transfer (appearance) of rural government to the village Tsori. Etymology According to Suleymanov, the word "Tshoroy" may originate from the word Tshar (). Tshar is mail mesh helmet that covers the face and neck of a warrior. History Tsorin society, like the Khamkhin society, was formed from the former "Galgai society" as a result of the transfer (appearance) of rural government to the village Tsori. In 1832, due to the collaboration of Ingush with Kazi-Mulla and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went through Dzheyrakh and Metskhal around Khamkhi and Tsori. During the Caucasian War, Tsorins (as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzherakh
The Dzherakh, also spelled Jerakh (), historically also known as Erokhan people, were a historical Ingush people, Ingush ethno-territorial Ingush societies, society, today existing as a tribal organisation or clan (''teip''), originally formed in the Dzheyrakhin gorge, as well as in the lower reaches of the Armkhi, Armkhi River and the upper reaches of the Terek River. The Dzherakhs first appeared in Russian sources in the 16th century under the name ''Erokhan people'' (). History The Dzherakhs were first mentioned in the 16th century in Russian Empire, Russian documents as the Erokhan people. They were also noted by the Georgian prince, historian, and geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi in 1745. Their first documented contact with the Russian Empire occurred in 1833 during a punitive expedition in Mountainous Ingushetia, led by General Ivane Abkhazi, Abkhazov. The Dzherakhs were known for conducting raids during the Caucasian War, alongside the Kists (Fyappiy) and Tagaurs. Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Administrative Divisions Of The Sasanian Empire
The administrative divisions of the Sasanian Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Sasanian Empire. Administration On his coinage, the first Sasanian King of Kings (''shahanshah'') Ardashir I (), introduces himself as King of Kings of a realm that he identified as ''Eran''. His son and successor Shapur I () calls himself King of Kings of ''Eran'' and ''Aneran'' in his SKZ inscription. According to the inscription, ''Eran'' was made up of the following provinces (''shahr'' in Middle Persian): A similar list is mentioned in the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht of the 3rd-century Zoroastrian priest Kartir. The provinces of the late Sasanian realm are listed in the ''Bundahishn'' and ''Vendidad''. Provinces were split into smaller administrative divisions, particularly the ''khwarrah'' (same origin as the Iranian/Zoroastrian concept '' khwarrah'', "glory/fortune"), ''rostag'' or ''tasug'' (districts), and ''dehs'' (villages). These divisions were not always used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
